Tajikistan
Tajikistan⌘K
Overview
- Background
- The Tajik people came under Russian imperial rule in the 1860s and 1870s, but Russia's hold on Central Asia weakened following the Revolution of 1917. At that time, bands of indigenous guerrillas (known as "basmachi") fiercely contested Bolshevik control of the area, which was not fully reestablished until 1925. Tajikistan was first established as an autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic within the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic in 1924, but in 1929 the Soviet Union made Tajikistan as a separate republic and transferred to it much of present-day Sughd Province. Ethnic Uzbeks form a substantial minority in Tajikistan, and ethnic Tajiks an even larger minority in Uzbekistan. Tajikistan became independent in 1991 after the breakup of the Soviet Union, and the country experienced a civil war among political, regional, and religious factions from 1992 to 1997.
Despite Tajikistan's general elections for both the presidency (once every seven years) and legislature (once every five years), observers note an electoral system rife with irregularities and abuse, and results that are neither free nor fair. President Emomali RAHMON, who came to power in 1992 during the civil war and was first elected president in 1994, used an attack planned by a disaffected deputy defense minister in 2015 to ban the last major opposition party in Tajikistan. RAHMON further strengthened his position by having himself declared "Founder of Peace and National Unity, Leader of the Nation," with limitless terms and lifelong immunity through constitutional amendments ratified in a referendum. The referendum also lowered the minimum age required to run for president from 35 to 30, which made RAHMON's first-born son Rustam EMOMALI, the mayor of the capital city of Dushanbe, eligible to run for president in 2020. RAHMON orchestrated EMOMALI's selection in 2020 as chairman of the Majlisi Milli (the upper chamber of Tajikistan's parliament), positioning EMOMALI as next in line of succession for the presidency. RAHMON opted to run in the presidential election later that year and received 91% of the vote.
The country remains the poorest of the former Soviet republics. Tajikistan became a member of the WTO in 2013, but its economy continues to face major challenges, including dependence on remittances from Tajikistani migrant laborers in Russia and Kazakhstan, pervasive corruption, the opiate trade, and destabilizing violence emanating from neighboring Afghanistan. Tajikistan has endured several domestic security incidents since 2010, including armed conflict between government forces and local strongmen in the Rasht Valley and between government forces and informal leaders in Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Oblast. Tajikistan suffered its first ISIS-claimed attack in 2018, when assailants attacked a group of Western bicyclists, killing four. Friction between forces on the border between Tajikistan and the Kyrgyz Republic flared up in 2021, culminating in fatal clashes between border forces in 2021 and 2022.
Geography
Area
- Land
- 141,510 sq km
- Water
- 2,590 sq km
- Total
- 144,100 sq km
- Climate
- mid-latitude continental, hot summers, mild winters; semiarid to polar in Pamir Mountains
- Terrain
- mountainous region dominated by the Alay Mountains in the north and the Pamirs in the southeast; western Fergana Valley in north, Kofirnihon and Vakhsh Valleys in southwest
Land Use
- Other
- 69% (2023 est.)
- Forest
- 3.1% (2023 est.)
- Agricultural land
- 27.9% (2023 est.)
- Agricultural land: arable land
- arable land: 6.1% (2023 est.)
- Agricultural land: permanent crops
- permanent crops: 1.5% (2023 est.)
- Agricultural land: permanent pasture
- permanent pasture: 20.4% (2023 est.)
- Location
- Central Asia, west of China, south of Kyrgyzstan
- Coastline
- 0 km (landlocked)
Elevation
- Lowest point
- Syr Darya (Sirdaryo) 300 m
- Highest point
- Qullai Somoniyon 7,495 m
- Mean elevation
- 3,186 m
- Irrigated land
- 5,681 sq km (2022)
- Map references
- Asia
Land Boundaries
- Total
- 4,130 km
- Border countries
- Afghanistan 1,357 km; China 477 km; Kyrgyzstan 984 km; Uzbekistan 1,312 km
- Maritime claims
- none (landlocked)
- Natural hazards
- earthquakes; floods
- Geography note
- landlocked; highest point, Qullai Ismoili Somoni (formerly Communism Peak), was the tallest mountain in the former USSR
- Natural resources
- hydropower, some petroleum, uranium, mercury, brown coal, lead, zinc, antimony, tungsten, silver, gold
- Area comparative
- slightly smaller than Wisconsin
- Geographic coordinates
- 39 00 N, 71 00 E
- Population distribution
- the population is concentrated at lower elevations, with perhaps as many as 90% living in valleys; overall density increases from east to west
Major Watersheds (Area Sq Km)
- Internal (endorheic basin) drainage
- Tarim Basin (1,152,448 sq km), (Aral Sea Basin) Amu Darya (534,739 sq km), Syr Darya (782,617 sq km)
- Major rivers (BY length in km)
- Syr Darya (shared with Kyrgyzstan [s], Uzbekistan, and Kazakhstan [m]) - 3,078 km; Amu Darya river source (shared with Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, and Uzbekistan [m]) - 2,620 km
note: [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth
People & Society
Literacy
- Female
- 94.6% (2017 est.)
Languages
- Note
- note: Russian widely used in government and business
- Languages
- Tajik (official) 84.4%, Uzbek 11.9%, Kyrgyz 0.8%, Russian 0.5%, other 2.4% (2010 est.)
- Major language sample(s)
Китоби Фактҳои Ҷаҳонӣ, манбаи бебадали маълумоти асосӣ (Tajik)
The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
- Religions
- Muslim 98% (Sunni 95%, Shia 3%) other 2% (2014 est.)
Sex Ratio
- At birth
- 1.05 male(s)/female
- 0 14 years
- 1.04 male(s)/female
- 15 64 years
- 1 male(s)/female
- Total population
- 1.01 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
- 65 years and over
- 0.81 male(s)/female
- Birth rate
- 25.31 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)
- Death rate
- 4.45 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Median Age
- Male
- 22.3 years
- Total
- 22.8 years (2025 est.)
- Female
- 23.2 years
Population
- Male
- 5,322,920
- Total
- 10,593,876 (2025 est.)
- Female
- 5,270,956
Nationality
- Noun
- Tajikistani(s)
- Adjective
- Tajikistani
Urbanization
- Urban population
- 28.2% of total population (2023)
- Rate of urbanization
- 2.73% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Age Structure
- 0 14 years
- 36.9% (male 1,953,472/female 1,877,192)
- 15 64 years
- 59.3% (male 3,086,964/female 3,071,642)
- 65 years and over
- 3.9% (2024 est.) (male 181,382/female 223,411)
- Ethnic groups
- Tajik 84.3% (includes Pamiri and Yagnobi), Uzbek 13.8%, other 2% (includes Kyrgyz, Russian, Turkmen, Tatar, Arab) (2014 est.)
Child Marriage
- Women married BY age 15
- 0.1% (2017)
- Women married BY age 18
- 8.7% (2017)
Dependency Ratios
- Total dependency ratio
- 68.5 (2025 est.)
- Youth dependency ratio
- 61.5 (2025 est.)
- Potential support ratio
- 14.5 (2025 est.)
- Elderly dependency ratio
- 6.9 (2025 est.)
- Physician density
- 1.87 physicians/1,000 population (2023)
Health Expenditure
- Health expenditure (as % of GDP)
- 8% of GDP (2021)
- Health expenditure (as % of national budget)
- 6.4% of national budget (2022 est.)
- Net migration rate
- -1.94 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)
- Hospital bed density
- 4.3 beds/1,000 population (2021 est.)
- Total fertility rate
- 3.52 children born/woman (2025 est.)
Drinking Water Source
- Improved: rural
- rural: 76.6% of population (2022 est.)
- Improved: total
- total: 81.9% of population (2022 est.)
- Improved: urban
- urban: 95.6% of population (2022 est.)
- Unimproved: rural
- rural: 23.4% of population (2022 est.)
- Unimproved: total
- total: 18.1% of population (2022 est.)
- Unimproved: urban
- urban: 4.4% of population (2022 est.)
Education Expenditure
- Education expenditure (% GDP)
- 5.4% of GDP (2023 est.)
- Education expenditure (% national budget)
- 19.3% national budget (2024 est.)
Infant Mortality Rate
- Male
- 24.3 deaths/1,000 live births
- Total
- 20.3 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)
- Female
- 18.9 deaths/1,000 live births
- Population growth rate
- 1.89% (2025 est.)
- Gross reproduction rate
- 1.71 (2025 est.)
- Population distribution
- the population is concentrated at lower elevations, with perhaps as many as 90% living in valleys; overall density increases from east to west
Life Expectancy at Birth
- Male
- 70.1 years
- Female
- 73.8 years
- Total population
- 71.9 years (2024 est.)
- Maternal mortality ratio
- 14 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)
Sanitation Facility Access
- Improved: rural
- rural: 99.6% of population (2022 est.)
- Improved: total
- total: 99.4% of population (2022 est.)
- Improved: urban
- urban: 98.9% of population (2022 est.)
- Unimproved: rural
- rural: 0.4% of population (2022 est.)
- Unimproved: total
- total: 0.6% of population (2022 est.)
- Unimproved: urban
- urban: 1.1% of population (2022 est.)
Alcohol Consumption Per Capita
- Beer
- 0.38 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
- Wine
- 0.01 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
- Total
- 0.85 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
- Spirits
- 0.45 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
- Other alcohols
- 0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
- Major urban areas population
- 987,000 DUSHANBE (capital) (2023)
- Obesity adult prevalence rate
- 14.2% (2016)
- Mother's mean age at first birth
- 23.2 years (2017 est.)
- Currently married women (ages 15 49)
- 68% (2020 est.)
- Children under the age of 5 years underweight
- 5.2% (2023 est.)
School Life Expectancy (Primary to Tertiary Education)
- Male
- 12 years (2024 est.)
- Total
- 12 years (2024 est.)
- Female
- 11 years (2024 est.)
Government
Civica · structure
How power is organised
ExecutiveLegislative
- Flag
- description: three horizontal stripes of red (top), a wider stripe of white, and green; a gold crown under seven five-pointed gold stars is in the center of the white stripe
meaning: red stands for the sun, victory, and the unity of the nation; white for purity, cotton, and mountain snows; green for Islam and nature's bounty; the crown symbolizes the Tajik people; the stars represent the number seven, which is considered a symbol of perfection and the embodiment of happiness
Capital
- Name
- Dushanbe
- Etymology
- the name means Monday in Persian; today's city was originally at the crossroads where a large bazaar was held on Mondays, or the second day (du) after Saturday (shambe)
- Time difference
- UTC+5 (10 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
- Geographic coordinates
- 38 33 N, 68 46 E
- Suffrage
- 18 years of age; universal
Citizenship
- Citizenship BY birth
- no
- Citizenship BY descent only
- at least one parent must be a citizen of Tajikistan
- Dual citizenship recognized
- no
- Residency requirement for naturalization
- 5 years or 3 years of continuous residence prior to application
Constitution
- History
- several previous; latest adopted 6 November 1994
- Amendment process
- proposed by the president of the republic or by at least one third of the total membership of both houses of the Supreme Assembly; adoption of any amendment requires a referendum, which includes approval of the president or approval by at least two-thirds majority of the Assembly of Representatives; passage in a referendum requires participation of an absolute majority of eligible voters and an absolute majority of votes; constitutional articles, including Tajikistan’s form of government, its territory, and its democratic nature, cannot be amended
Country Name
- Former
- Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic
- Etymology
- the Persian suffix -ostan means "land," so the country name means "Land of the Tajik [people];" the name Tajik comes from the Sanskrit tajika, a name originally used to distinguish Arabs from Turks and derived from the Tay, an Arab people
- Local long form
- Jumhurii Tojikiston
- Local short form
- Tojikiston
- Conventional long form
- Republic of Tajikistan
- Conventional short form
- Tajikistan
- Independence
- 9 September 1991 (from the Soviet Union)
- Legal system
- civil law system
- Government type
- presidential republic
Judicial Branch
- Highest court(s)
- Supreme Court (consists of the chairman, deputy chairmen, and 34 judges organized into civil, family, criminal, administrative offense, and military chambers); Constitutional Court (consists of the court chairman, deputy chairman, and 5 judges); High Economic Court (consists of 16 judicial positions)
- Subordinate courts
- regional and district courts; Dushanbe City Court; viloyat (province-level) courts; Court of Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region
- Judge selection and term of office
- Supreme Court, Constitutional Court, and High Economic Court judges nominated by the president and approved by the National Assembly; judges of all 3 courts appointed for 10-year renewable terms with no term limits, but the last appointment must occur before the age of 65
Executive Branch
- Cabinet
- Council of Ministers appointed by the president, approved by the Supreme Assembly
- Chief of state
- President Emomali RAHMON (since 16 November 1994; head of state and Supreme Assembly Chairman since 20 November 1992)
- Election results
2020: Emomali RAHMON reelected president; percent of vote - Emomali RAHMON (PDPT) 92.1%, Rustam LATIFZODA (APT) 3.1%, other 4.8%
2013: Emomali RAHMON reelected president; percent of vote - Emomali RAHMON (PDPT) 84%, Ismoil TALBAKOV CPT) 5%, other 11%- Head of government
- Prime Minister Qohir RASULZODA (since 23 November 2013)
- Most recent election date
- 11 October 2020
- Election/appointment process
- president directly elected by simple-majority popular vote for a 7-year term (two-term limit), but as the "Leader of the Nation," president has no term limit; prime minister appointed by the president
- Expected date of next election
- 2027
- National holiday
- Independence Day (or National Day), 9 September (1991)
- National color(s)
- red, white, green
National Heritage
- Total world heritage sites
- 5 (3 cultural, 2 natural)
- Selected world heritage site locales
- Proto-urban Site of Sarazm (c); Tajik National Park (Mountains of the Pamirs) (n); Silk Roads: Zarafshan-Karakum Corridor (c); Tugay forests of the Tigrovaya Balka Nature Reserve (n); Cultural Heritage Sites of Ancient Khuttal (c)
- Political parties
- Agrarian Party of Tajikistan or APT
Democratic Party or DPT
Party of Economic Reforms or PERT
People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan or PDPT
Socialist Party of Tajikistan or SPT
Legislative Branch
- Legislature name
- Supreme Council (Majlisi Oli)
- Legislative structure
- bicameral
National Anthem(s)
- Title
- "Surudi milli" (National Anthem)
- History
- adopted 1994; after the fall of the Soviet Union, Tajikistan kept the music of its Soviet-era anthem, but adopted new lyrics
- Lyrics/music
- Gulnazar KELDI/Sulaimon YUDAKOV
- National symbol(s)
- arc of seven five-pointed stars over a crown, Marco Polo sheep
- Administrative divisions
- 2 provinces (viloyatho, singular - viloyat), 1 autonomous province* (viloyati mukhtor), 1 capital region** (viloyati poytakht), and 1 area referred to as Districts Under Republic Administration***; Dushanbe**, Khatlon (Bokhtar), Kuhistoni Badakhshon [Gorno-Badakhshan]* (Khorugh), Nohiyahoi Tobei Jumhuri***, Sughd (Khujand)
Legislative Branch Lower Chamber
- Chamber name
- House of Representatives (Majlisi namoyandogon)
- Term in office
- 5 years
- Number of seats
- 63 (all directly elected)
- Electoral system
- mixed system
- Scope of elections
- full renewal
- Most recent election date
- 3/2/2025
- Expected date of next election
- March 2030
- Percentage of women in chamber
- 28.6%
- Parties elected and seats per party
- People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan (PDPT) (49); Agrarian Party of Tajikistan (APT) (7); Party of Economic Reforms of Tajikistan (PERT) (5); Other (2)
Legislative Branch Upper Chamber
- Chamber name
- National Assembly (Majlisi milli)
- Term in office
- 5 years
- Number of seats
- 33 (25 indirectly elected; 8 appointed)
- Scope of elections
- full renewal
- Most recent election date
- 3/28/2025
- Expected date of next election
- March 2030
- Percentage of women in chamber
- 30.3%
Diplomatic Representation in the US
- Fax
- [1] (202) 223-6091
- Chancery
- 1005 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037
- Telephone
- [1] (202) 223-6090
- Chief of mission
- Ambassador-designate Zavqi ZAVQIZODA (since 14 November 2025)
- Email address and website
tajemus@mfa.tj
https://mfa.tj/en/washington
Diplomatic Representation from the US
- Fax
- [992] (37) 229-20-50
- Embassy
- 109-A Ismoili Somoni Avenue (Zarafshon district), Dushanbe 734019
- Telephone
- [992] (37) 229-20-00
- Mailing address
- 7090 Dushanbe Place, Washington DC 20521-7090
- Chief of mission
- Ambassador Manuel P. MICALLER Jr. (since 9 March 2023)
- Email address and website
DushanbeConsular@state.gov
https://tj.usembassy.gov/
- International organisations
- ADB, CICA, CIS, CSTO, EAEC, EAPC, EBRD, ECO, EITI (candidate country), FAO, G-77, GCTU, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, MIGA, NAM (observer), OIC, OPCW, OSCE, PFP, SCO, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNISFA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
- International law organization participation
- has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
Legislature
TAJIKISTAN · LOWER HOUSE
House of Representatives
63 seats · hover a seat for the party
Total seats
63
Majority line
33
Largest party
People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan (PDPT)
Parties
5
All political parties
Upper house
TAJIKISTAN · UPPER HOUSE
National Assembly
33 seats · hover a seat for the party
Total seats
33
Majority line
18
Largest party
People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan
Parties
5
All political parties
Leaders
Current
Emomali Rahmon
- Head of State
Kokhir Rasulzoda
- Head of Government
Economy
Budget
- Note
- note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenditures converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated
- Revenues
- $2.911 billion (2023 est.)
- Expenditures
- $3.036 billion (2023 est.)
Exports
- Civica canonical (reconciled)
- $2.1B
- Note
- note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
- Exports 2022
- $1.753 billion (2022 est.)
- Exports 2023
- $2.105 billion (2023 est.)
- Exports 2024
- $1.618 billion (2024 est.)
Imports
- Civica canonical (reconciled)
- $5.9B
- Note
- note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
- Imports 2022
- $5.261 billion (2022 est.)
- Imports 2023
- $5.931 billion (2023 est.)
- Imports 2024
- $6.907 billion (2024 est.)
- Industries
- aluminum, cement, coal, gold, silver, antimony, textile, vegetable oil
- Labor force
- 2.78 million (2024 est.)
Public Debt
- Civica canonical (reconciled)
- 42% of GDP (2016 est.)
- Public debt 2016
- 42% of GDP (2016 est.)
Remittances
- Note
- note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities
- Remittances 2022
- 49.9% of GDP (2022 est.)
- Remittances 2023
- 37.8% of GDP (2023 est.)
- Remittances 2024
- 47.9% of GDP (2024 est.)
Exchange Rates
- Currency
- Tajikistani somoni (TJS) per US dollar -
- Exchange rates 2020
- 10.322 (2020 est.)
- Exchange rates 2021
- 11.309 (2021 est.)
- Exchange rates 2022
- 11.031 (2022 est.)
- Exchange rates 2023
- 10.845 (2023 est.)
- Exchange rates 2024
- 10.799 (2024 est.)
Debt External
- Note
- note: present value of external debt in current US dollars
- Debt external 2023
- $3.024 billion (2023 est.)
- Economic overview
- lower-middle-income Central Asian economy; large infrastructure projects, including Rogun Dam, and a push towards green development and digitalization driving growth; strong metal mining, electricity, and manufacturing industries; challenges include land scarcity, climate vulnerability, and complex bureaucratic processes for investors
Unemployment Rate
- Civica canonical (reconciled)
- 6.9%
- Note
- note: % of labor force seeking employment
- Unemployment rate 2022
- 11.7% (2022 est.)
- Unemployment rate 2023
- 11.6% (2023 est.)
- Unemployment rate 2024
- 11.7% (2024 est.)
- Exports partners
- Switzerland 31%, Kazakhstan 18%, China 17%, Uzbekistan 10%, Turkey 8% (2023)
- Imports partners
- China 57%, Kazakhstan 13%, Uzbekistan 8%, Turkey 6%, UAE 4% (2023)
Real GDP Per Capita
- Civica canonical (reconciled)
- $5,406
- Note
- note: data in 2021 dollars
- Real GDP per capita 2022
- $4,200 (2022 est.)
- Real GDP per capita 2023
- $4,500 (2023 est.)
- Real GDP per capita 2024
- $4,800 (2024 est.)
Real GDP Growth Rate
- Civica canonical (reconciled)
- 8.4%
- Note
- note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency
- Real GDP growth rate 2022
- 8% (2022 est.)
- Real GDP growth rate 2023
- 8.3% (2023 est.)
- Real GDP growth rate 2024
- 8.4% (2024 est.)
- Agricultural products
- potatoes, milk, wheat, watermelons, onions, tomatoes, carrots/turnips, cotton, vegetables, grapes (2023)
- Exports commodities
- gold, precious metal ore, aluminum, lead ore, antimony (2023)
- Imports commodities
- garments, footwear, cars, wheat, vehicle parts/accessories (2023)
Current Account Balance
- Civica canonical (reconciled)
- $926.6M
- Note
- note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars
- Current account balance 2022
- $1.635 billion (2022 est.)
- Current account balance 2023
- $584.022 million (2023 est.)
- Current account balance 2024
- $887.016 million (2024 est.)
- Taxes and other revenues
- 10.8% (of GDP) (2023 est.)
- GDP (official exchange rate)
- $14.205 billion (2024 est.)
GDP Composition, BY End Use
- Note
- note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection
- Household consumption
- 89.6% (2023 est.)
- Government consumption
- 10.7% (2023 est.)
- Investment in inventories
- 3.4% (2023 est.)
- Investment in fixed capital
- 28.3% (2023 est.)
- Exports of goods and services
- 17.2% (2023 est.)
- Imports of goods and services
- -48.4% (2023 est.)
- Population below poverty line
- 20.4% (2023 est.)
Inflation Rate (Consumer Prices)
- Civica canonical (reconciled)
- 7.7% (2019 est.)
- Note
- note: annual % change based on consumer prices
- Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017
- 7.3% (2017 est.)
- Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2018
- 3.9% (2018 est.)
- Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019
- 7.7% (2019 est.)
- Industrial production growth rate
- 9.9% (2023 est.)
Real GDP (Purchasing Power Parity)
- Civica canonical (reconciled)
- $50.37 billion (2024 est.)
- Note
- note: data in 2021 dollars
- Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022
- $42.905 billion (2022 est.)
- Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023
- $46.467 billion (2023 est.)
- Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024
- $50.37 billion (2024 est.)
Youth Unemployment Rate (Ages 15 24)
- Male
- 30% (2024 est.)
- Note
- note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment
- Total
- 27.1% (2024 est.)
- Female
- 23.3% (2024 est.)
Reserves of Foreign Exchange and Gold
- Note
- note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars
- Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2021
- $2.499 billion (2021 est.)
- Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022
- $3.847 billion (2022 est.)
- Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023
- $3.304 billion (2023 est.)
GDP Composition, BY Sector of Origin
- Note
- note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data
- Industry
- 33.6% (2023 est.)
- Services
- 34.7% (2023 est.)
- Agriculture
- 22.9% (2023 est.)
Household Income or Consumption BY Percentage Share
- Note
- note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population
- Lowest 10%
- 3% (2015 est.)
- Highest 10%
- 26.4% (2015 est.)
Gini Index Coefficient Distribution of Family Income
- Note
- note: index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality
- Gini index coefficient distribution of family income 2015
- 34 (2015 est.)
Energy
Coal
- Exports
- 475,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
- Imports
- 147,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
- Production
- 2.394 million metric tons (2023 est.)
- Consumption
- 2.297 million metric tons (2023 est.)
- Proven reserves
- 4.075 billion metric tons (2023 est.)
Petroleum
- Total petroleum production
- 300 bbl/day (2023 est.)
- Crude oil estimated reserves
- 12 million barrels (2021 est.)
- Refined petroleum consumption
- 31,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)
Electricity
- Exports
- 3.101 billion kWh (2023 est.)
- Imports
- 714.025 million kWh (2023 est.)
- Consumption
- 15.275 billion kWh (2023 est.)
- Installed generating capacity
- 6.481 million kW (2023 est.)
- Transmission/distribution losses
- 3.94 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Natural Gas
- Imports
- 24.196 million cubic meters (2023 est.)
- Production
- 18.476 million cubic meters (2023 est.)
- Consumption
- 43.767 million cubic meters (2023 est.)
- Proven reserves
- 5.663 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)
Electricity Access
- Electrification rural areas
- 100%
- Electrification urban areas
- 99%
- Electrification total population
- 100% (2022 est.)
Energy Consumption Per Capita
- Total energy consumption per capita 2023
- 16.192 million Btu/person (2023 est.)
Electricity Generation Sources
- Fossil fuels
- 7.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
- Hydroelectricity
- 92.6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Communications
Internet Users
- Percent of population
- 57% (2023 est.)
- Broadcast media
- state-run broadcaster has 9 national TV and 10 radio stations, and 4 regional stations; 31 independent TV and 20 independent radio stations broadcast locally and regionally; Russian and other foreign stations available via cable and satellite (2016)
- Internet country code
- .tj
Telephones Fixed Lines
- Total subscriptions
- 502,000 (2021 est.)
- Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
- 5 (2022 est.)
Telephones Mobile Cellular
- Total subscriptions
- 7.92 million (2023 est.)
- Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
- 119 (2023 est.)
Broadband Fixed Subscriptions
- Total
- 6,000 (2022 est.)
- Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
- (2022 est.) less than 1
Transport
- Airports
- 19 (2025)
Railways
- Total
- 680 km (2014)
- Broad gauge
- 680 km (2014) 1.520-m gauge
- Heliports
- 1 (2025)
- Civil aircraft registration country code prefix
- EY
Environment
- Climate
- mid-latitude continental, hot summers, mild winters; semiarid to polar in Pamir Mountains
Land Use
- Other
- 69% (2023 est.)
- Forest
- 3.1% (2023 est.)
- Agricultural land
- 27.9% (2023 est.)
- Agricultural land: arable land
- arable land: 6.1% (2023 est.)
- Agricultural land: permanent crops
- permanent crops: 1.5% (2023 est.)
- Agricultural land: permanent pasture
- permanent pasture: 20.4% (2023 est.)
Urbanization
- Urban population
- 28.2% of total population (2023)
- Rate of urbanization
- 2.73% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Waste and Recycling
- Municipal solid waste generated annually
- 1.787 million tons (2024 est.)
- Percent of municipal solid waste recycled
- 13.9% (2022 est.)
- Environmental issues
- air pollution from motor vehicles and industry; water pollution from agricultural runoff and untreated industrial waste and sewage; poor management of water resources; soil erosion; increasing levels of soil salinity
Total Water Withdrawal
- Municipal
- 912 million cubic meters (2022 est.)
- Industrial
- 1.61 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
- Agricultural
- 7.378 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
Carbon Dioxide Emissions
- Total emissions
- 8.616 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
- From consumed natural gas
- 86,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
- From coal and metallurgical coke
- 4.676 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
- From petroleum and other liquids
- 3.855 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
- Particulate matter emissions
- 53.8 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
- Total renewable water resources
- 21.91 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
International Environmental Agreements
- Party to
- Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
- Signed, but not ratified
- none of the selected agreements
Military & Security
- Military note
- the military's primary concerns are terrorism, border security, territorial defense, and regional security, particularly in neighboring Afghanistan; Russia is traditionally Tajikistan’s most important security partner and thousands of Russian troops are stationed in the country, primarily at the 201st military base, which Moscow has leased until at least 2042; Russia and Tajikistan have a joint air defense system, and they conduct periodic joint exercises; Tajikistan has been a member of the Russian-led Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) since 1994 and contributes troops to CSTO's rapid reaction force; Tajikistan also cooperates on security matters with China, including joint military training
Tajikistan is the only former Soviet republic that did not form its armed forces from old Soviet Army units following the collapse of the USSR in 1991; rather, Russia retained command of the Soviet units there while the Tajik government raised a military from scratch; the first ground forces were officially created in 1993 from groups that fought for the government during the Tajik Civil War (2025)
Military Expenditures
- Civica canonical (reconciled)
- 1.8%
- Military expenditures 2020
- 1.1% of GDP (2020 est.)
- Military expenditures 2021
- 1.2% of GDP (2021 est.)
- Military expenditures 2022
- 1.9% of GDP (2022 est.)
- Military expenditures 2023
- 2% of GDP (2023 est.)
- Military expenditures 2024
- 1.8% of GDP (2024 est.)
- Military and security forces
- Armed Forces of the Republic of Tajikistan: Ground Forces, Mobile Forces, Air and Air Defense Forces
Tajik National Guard (TNG); Ministry of Internal Affairs: Internal Troops of Tajikistan; State Committee on National Security: Border Troops (aka Tajik Border Service) (2025) - Military service age and obligation
- 18-27 years of age for compulsory (men only) or voluntary (men and women) military service; up to a 24-month service obligation for conscripts based on education level (2025)
- Military equipment inventories and acquisitions
- the military is equipped with mostly older Russian and Soviet-era armaments; it also has smaller amounts of items from suppliers such as China, Türkiye, and the US (2025)
- Military and security service personnel strengths
- estimated 10,000 active Armed Forces; estimated 5-10,000 active paramilitary National Guard, Border Service, and Internal Troops personnel (2025)
Terrorism
- Terrorist group(s)
- Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS)
Transnational Issues
Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons
- Idps
- 238 (2024 est.)
- Refugees
- 15,191 (2024 est.)
- Stateless persons
- 4,466 (2024 est.)
Scores & Rankings
ScoreValueGlobal rankTrendAs of
Civica Index13.0 / 100as of 2024-Q4176 / 1902024-Q4
V-Dem Liberal Democracy0.05as of 2024-Q4157 / 1702024-Q4
Freedom House StatusNot Free (0/100)as of 2024-Q4—2024-Q4
Press Freedom (RSF)Partly free (50/100)as of 2024—2024
Cite this page
Cite this page
Civica. (2026). Civica Atlas — Tajikistan — vintage 2026-Q1: Tajikistan factbook. Civica Atlas. Retrieved May 7, 2026, from https://civicaatlas.org/factbook/tajikistan
Sources: FAO FAOSTAT, ILO ILOSTAT, IMF (WEO), UN Statistics Division, UNDP HDR, UNESCO Institute for Statistics, V-Dem, WHO Global Health Observatory, World Bank, WTO Stats, CIA World Factbook, Wikidata