Russia

Semi-Presidential FederationPop140.1MGDP (PPP)$6.1TCI16Beta CP−4.1↓Beta

Russia

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Overview

Background: Founded in the 12th century, the Principality of Muscovy emerged from over 200 years of Mongol domination (13th-15th centuries) and gradually conquered and absorbed surrounding principalities. In the early 17th century, a new ROMANOV dynasty continued this policy of expansion across Siberia to the Pacific. Under PETER I (1682-1725), hegemony was extended to the Baltic Sea and the country was renamed the Russian Empire. During the 19th century, more territorial acquisitions were made in Europe and Asia. Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05 contributed to the Revolution of 1905, which resulted in the formation of a parliament and other reforms. Devastating defeats and food shortages in World War I led to widespread rioting in the major cities of the Russian Empire and to the overthrow of the ROMANOV Dynasty in 1917. The communists under Vladimir LENIN seized power soon after and formed the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR).

The brutal rule of Iosif STALIN (1928-53) strengthened communist control and Russian dominance of the Soviet Union at a cost of tens of millions of lives. After defeating Germany in World War II as part of an alliance with the US (1939-1945), the USSR expanded its territory and influence in Eastern Europe and emerged as a global power. The USSR was the principal US adversary during the Cold War (1947-1991). The Soviet economy and society stagnated in the decades following Stalin's rule, until General Secretary Mikhail GORBACHEV (1985-91) introduced glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to modernize communism. His initiatives inadvertently released political and economic forces that by December 1991 led to the dissolution of the USSR into Russia and 14 other independent states. In response to the ensuing turmoil during President Boris YELTSIN's term (1991-99), Russia shifted toward a centralized authoritarian state under President Vladimir PUTIN (2000-2008, 2012-present) in which the regime seeks to legitimize its rule through managed elections, populist appeals, a foreign policy focused on enhancing the country's geopolitical influence, and commodity-based economic growth.

In 2014, Russia purported to annex Ukraine's Crimean Peninsula and occupied large portions of two eastern Ukrainian oblasts. In sporadic fighting over the next eight years, more than 14,000 civilians were killed or wounded as a result of the Russian invasion in eastern Ukraine. On 24 February 2022, Russia escalated its conflict with Ukraine by invading the country on several fronts in what has become the largest conventional military attack on a sovereign state in Europe since World War II. The invasion received near-universal international condemnation, and many countries imposed sanctions on Russia and supplied humanitarian and military aid to Ukraine. In September 2022, Russia unilaterally declared its annexation of four Ukrainian oblasts -- Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk, and Zaporizhzhia -- even though none were fully under Russian control. The annexations remain unrecognized by the international community.

Geography

Area

Land: 16,377,742 sq km
Water: 720,500 sq km
Total: 17,098,242 sq km

Climate: ranges from steppes in the south through humid continental in much of European Russia; subarctic in Siberia to tundra climate in the polar north; winters vary from cool along Black Sea coast to frigid in Siberia; summers vary from warm in the steppes to cool along Arctic coast
Terrain: broad plain with low hills west of Urals; vast coniferous forest and tundra in Siberia; uplands and mountains along southern border regions

Land Use

Other: 35.9% (2023 est.)
Forest: 50.7% (2023 est.)
Agricultural land: 13.2% (2023 est.)
Agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 7.4% (2023 est.)
Agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 0.1% (2023 est.)
Agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 5.6% (2023 est.)

Location: North Asia bordering the Arctic Ocean, extending from Eastern Europe (the portion west of the Urals) to the North Pacific Ocean
Coastline: 37,653 km

Elevation

Lowest point: Caspian Sea -28 m
Highest point: Gora El'brus (highest point in Europe) 5,642 m
Mean elevation: 600 m

Irrigated land: 43,000 sq km (2012)
Major aquifers: Angara-Lena Basin, Pechora Basin, North Caucasus Basin, East European Aquifer System, West Siberian Basin, Tunguss Basin, Yakut Basin
Map references: Asia

Land Boundaries

Total: 22,407 km
Border countries: Azerbaijan 338 km; Belarus 1,312 km; China (southeast) 4,133 km and China (south) 46 km; Estonia 324 km; Finland 1,309 km; Georgia 894 km; Kazakhstan 7,644 km; North Korea 18 km; Latvia 332 km; Lithuania (Kaliningrad Oblast) 261 km; Mongolia 3,452 km; Norway 191 km; Poland (Kaliningrad Oblast) 209 km; Ukraine 1,944 km

Maritime Claims

Contiguous zone: 24 nm
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation
Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Natural hazards: permafrost over much of Siberia is a major impediment to development; volcanic activity in the Kuril Islands; volcanoes and earthquakes on the Kamchatka Peninsula; spring floods and summer/autumn forest fires in Siberia and parts of European Russia

volcanism: Kamchatka Peninsula is home to 29 historically active volcanoes, with dozens more in the Kuril Islands; Kliuchevskoi (4,835 m) is Kamchatka's most active volcano; Avachinsky and Koryaksky volcanoes, which pose a threat to the city of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, have been deemed Decade Volcanoes by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to their explosive history and close proximity to human populations; other notable historically active volcanoes include Bezymianny, Chikurachki, Ebeko, Gorely, Grozny, Karymsky, Ketoi, Kronotsky, Ksudach, Medvezhia, Mutnovsky, Sarychev Peak, Shiveluch, Tiatia, Tolbachik, and Zheltovsky; see note 2 under "Geography - note"
Geography note: note 1: largest country in the world in terms of area; despite its size, much of the country lacks the soil and climate (either too cold or too dry) for agriculture

note 2: Russia's far east, particularly the Kamchatka Peninsula, lies along the Ring of Fire, which is a belt bordering the Pacific Ocean that contains about 75% of the world's volcanoes and up to 90% of the world's earthquakes

note 3: Mount El'brus is Europe's tallest peak; Lake Baikal, the deepest lake in the world, is estimated to hold one fifth of the world's fresh surface water

note 4: Kaliningrad oblast is an exclave annexed from Germany after World War II; its capital city of Kaliningrad -- formerly Koenigsberg -- is the only Baltic port in Russia that remains ice-free in the winter
Natural resources: wide natural-resource base including major deposits of oil, natural gas, coal, and many strategic minerals, bauxite, reserves of rare earth elements, timber
Area comparative: approximately 1.8 times the size of the US
Geographic coordinates: 60 00 N, 100 00 E
Population distribution: population is heavily concentrated in the westernmost fifth of the country, extending from the Baltic Sea south to the Caspian Sea, and eastward parallel to the Kazakh border; elsewhere, sizeable population pockets are isolated and generally found in the south

Major Lakes (Area Sq Km)

Salt water lake(s): Caspian Sea (shared with Iran, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, and Kazakhstan) - 374,000 sq km; Ozero Malyye Chany - 2,500 sq km; Curonian Lagoon (shared with Lithuania) - 1,620 sq km
note - the Caspian Sea is the World's largest lake
Fresh water lake(s): Lake Baikal - 31,500 sq km; Lake Ladoga - 18,130 sq km; Lake Onega - 9,720 sq km; Lake Khanka (shared with China) - 5,010 sq km; Lake Peipus - 4,300 sq km (shared with Estonia); Ozero Vygozero - 1,250 sq km; Ozero Beloye - 1,120 sq km

Major Watersheds (Area Sq Km)

Arctic ocean drainage: Kolyma (679,934 sq km), Lena (2,306,743 sq km), Ob (2,972,493 sq km), Pechora (289,532 sq km), Yenisei (2,554,388 sq km)
Pacific ocean drainage: Amur (1,929,955 sq km)
Atlantic ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Don (458,694 sq km), Dnieper (533,966 sq km)
Internal (endorheic basin) drainage: (Caspian Sea basin) Volga (1,410,951 sq km)

Major rivers (BY length in km): Yenisey-Angara - 5,539 km; Ob-Irtysh - 5,410 km; Amur river mouth (shared with China [s] and Mongolia) - 4,444 km; Lena - 4,400 km; Volga - 3,645 km; Kolyma - 2,513 km; Ural river source (shared with Kazakhstan [m]) - 2,428 km; Dnepr (Dnieper) river source (shared with Belarus and Ukraine [m]) - 2,287 km; Don - 1,870 km; Pechora - 1,809 km

note: [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth

People & Society

Literacy

Male: 99.9% (2021 est.)
Female: 99.9% (2021 est.)
Total population: 99.9% (2021 est.)

Languages

Note: note: data represent native language spoken
Languages: Russian (official) 85.7%, Tatar 3.2%, Chechen 1%, other 10.1% (2010 est.)
Major language sample(s): Книга фактов о мире – незаменимый источник базовой информации. (Russian)

The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.

Religions: Russian Orthodox 15-20%, Muslim 10-15%, other Christian 2% (2006 est.)

Sex Ratio

At birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
0 14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15 64 years: 0.95 male(s)/female
Total population: 0.87 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
65 years and over: 0.52 male(s)/female

Birth rate: 8.27 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Death rate: 13.93 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Median Age

Male: 39.4 years
Total: 42.3 years (2025 est.)
Female: 44.5 years

Population

Male: 65,166,555
Total: 140,134,279 (2025 est.)
Female: 74,967,724

Nationality

Noun: Russian(s)
Adjective: Russian

Tobacco Use

Male: 40.2% (2025 est.)
Total: 26.5% (2025 est.)
Female: 15.1% (2025 est.)

Urbanization

Urban population: 75.3% of total population (2023)
Rate of urbanization: 0.11% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Age Structure

0 14 years: 16.5% (male 11,956,284/female 11,313,829)
15 64 years: 65.7% (male 45,007,073/female 47,518,221)
65 years and over: 17.8% (2024 est.) (male 8,533,448/female 16,491,955)

Ethnic groups: Russian 77.7%, Tatar 3.7%, Ukrainian 1.4%, Bashkir 1.1%, Chuvash 1%, Chechen 1%, other 10.2%, unspecified 3.9% (2010 est.)

Child Marriage

Women married BY age 15: 0.3% (2017)
Women married BY age 18: 6.2% (2017)

Dependency Ratios

Total dependency ratio: 52.6 (2025 est.)
Youth dependency ratio: 24.7 (2025 est.)
Potential support ratio: 3.6 (2025 est.)
Elderly dependency ratio: 27.9 (2025 est.)

Physician density: 5.11 physicians/1,000 population (2022)

Health Expenditure

Health expenditure (as % of GDP): 7.4% of GDP (2021)
Health expenditure (as % of national budget): 13.8% of national budget (2022 est.)

Net migration rate: 0.76 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Hospital bed density: 7 beds/1,000 population (2021 est.)
Total fertility rate: 1.52 children born/woman (2025 est.)

Drinking Water Source

Improved: rural: rural: 91.5% of population (2022 est.)
Improved: total: total: 97.1% of population (2022 est.)
Improved: urban: urban: 98.9% of population (2022 est.)
Unimproved: rural: rural: 8.5% of population (2022 est.)
Unimproved: total: total: 2.9% of population (2022 est.)
Unimproved: urban: urban: 1.1% of population (2022 est.)

Education Expenditure

Education expenditure (% GDP): 4.2% of GDP (2023 est.)
Education expenditure (% national budget): 14.3% national budget (2018 est.)

Infant Mortality Rate

Male: 7.2 deaths/1,000 live births
Total: 6.4 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)
Female: 5.8 deaths/1,000 live births

Population growth rate: -0.49% (2025 est.)
Gross reproduction rate: 0.74 (2025 est.)
Population distribution: population is heavily concentrated in the westernmost fifth of the country, extending from the Baltic Sea south to the Caspian Sea, and eastward parallel to the Kazakh border; elsewhere, sizeable population pockets are isolated and generally found in the south

Life Expectancy at Birth

Male: 67.4 years
Female: 77.4 years
Total population: 72.3 years (2024 est.)

Maternal mortality ratio: 9 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)

Sanitation Facility Access

Improved: rural: rural: 71.4% of population (2022 est.)
Improved: total: total: 89.4% of population (2022 est.)
Improved: urban: urban: 95.4% of population (2022 est.)
Unimproved: rural: rural: 28.6% of population (2022 est.)
Unimproved: total: total: 10.6% of population (2022 est.)
Unimproved: urban: urban: 4.6% of population (2022 est.)

Alcohol Consumption Per Capita

Beer: 3.04 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Wine: 0.97 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Total: 7.29 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Spirits: 3.16 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Other alcohols: 0.12 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Major urban areas population: 12.680 million MOSCOW (capital), 5.561 million Saint Petersburg, 1.695 million Novosibirsk, 1.528 million Yekaterinburg, 1.292 million Kazan, 1.251 million Nizhniy Novgorod (2023)
Obesity adult prevalence rate: 23.1% (2016)
Mother's mean age at first birth: 25.2 years (2013 est.)
Currently married women (ages 15 49): 57.6% (2021 est.)

School Life Expectancy (Primary to Tertiary Education)

Male: 15 years (2023 est.)
Total: 15 years (2023 est.)
Female: 15 years (2023 est.)

Government

Civica · structure

How power is organised

ExecutiveLegislative

Flag: description: three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red

meaning: colors may have been based on the Dutch flag, but no official meaning is assigned

history: created when Russia built its first naval vessels, and was used mostly as a naval flag until the 19th century

Capital

Name: Moscow
Etymology: named after the Moskva River; the origin of the river's name is unclear
Time zone note: Russia has 11 time zones, the largest number of contiguous time zones of any country in the world; in 2014, two time zones were added and DST dropped
Time difference: UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Daylight saving time: does not observe daylight savings time (DST)
Geographic coordinates: 55 45 N, 37 36 E

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal

Citizenship

Citizenship BY birth: no
Citizenship BY descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Russia
Dual citizenship recognized: yes
Residency requirement for naturalization: 3-5 years

Constitution

History: several previous (during Russian Empire and Soviet era); latest drafted 12 July 1993, adopted by referendum 12 December 1993, effective 25 December 1993
Amendment process: proposed by the president of the Russian Federation, by either house of the Federal Assembly, by the government of the Russian Federation, or by legislative (representative) bodies of the Federation's constituent entities; proposals to amend the government’s constitutional system, human and civil rights and freedoms, and procedures for amending or drafting a new constitution require formation of a Constitutional Assembly; passage of such amendments requires two-thirds majority vote of its total membership; passage in a referendum requires participation of an absolute majority of eligible voters and an absolute majority of valid votes; approval of proposed amendments to the government structure, authorities, and procedures requires approval by the legislative bodies of at least two thirds of the Russian Federation's constituent entities

Country Name

Former: Russian Empire, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
Etymology: Russian lands were referred to as Muscovy until PETER I declared the Empire of All Russias in 1721; the new name aimed at identifying the new Russia with European political tradition; "Rus" was the Old Finnish name given to Varangians (eastern Vikings) who entered the area in the 9th century
Local long form: Rossiyskaya Federatsiya
Local short form: Rossiya
Conventional long form: Russian Federation
Conventional short form: Russia

Independence: 25 December 1991 (from the Soviet Union; Russian SFSR renamed Russian Federation); notable earlier dates: 1157 (Principality of Vladimir-Suzdal created); 16 January 1547 (Tsardom of Muscovy established); 22 October 1721 (Russian Empire proclaimed); 30 December 1922 (Soviet Union established)
Legal system: civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts
Government type: semi-presidential federation

Judicial Branch

Highest court(s): Supreme Court of the Russian Federation (consists of 170 members organized into the Judicial Panel for Civil Affairs, the Judicial Panel for Criminal Affairs, and the Military Panel); Constitutional Court (consists of 11 members, including the chairperson and deputy)
Subordinate courts: regional (kray) and provincial (oblast) courts; Moscow and St. Petersburg city courts; autonomous province and district courts (the 21 Russian republics have court systems specified by their own constitutions)
Judge selection and term of office: all members of Russia's 3 highest courts nominated by the president and appointed by the Federation Council (the upper house of the legislature); members of all 3 courts appointed for life

Executive Branch

Note: note: a Presidential Administration provides staff and policy support to the president, drafts presidential decrees, and coordinates policy among government agencies; a Security Council also reports directly to the president
Cabinet: the government is composed of the premier, his deputies, and ministers, all appointed by the president; the premier is also confirmed by the Duma
Chief of state: President Vladimir Vladimirovich PUTIN (since 7 May 2012)
Election results: 2024: Vladimir PUTIN reelected president; percent of vote - Vladimir PUTIN (independent) 88.5%, Nikolay KHARITONOV (Communist Party) 4.4%, Vladislav DAVANKOV (New People party) 3.9%, Leonid SLUTSKY (Liberal Democrats) 3.2%

2018: Vladimir PUTIN reelected president; percent of vote - Vladimir PUTIN (independent) 77.5%, Pavel GRUDININ (CPRF) 11.9%, Vladimir ZHIRINOVSKIY (LDPR) 5.7%, other 4.9%; Mikhail MISHUSTIN (independent) approved as premier by Duma; vote - 383 to 0
Head of government: Premier Mikhail Vladimirovich MISHUSTIN (since 16 January 2020)
Most recent election date: 15-17 March 2024
Election/appointment process: president directly elected by absolute-majority popular vote in 2 rounds, if needed, for a 6-year term (eligible for a second consecutive term)
Expected date of next election: 2030

National holiday: Russia Day, 12 June (1990)
National color(s): white, blue, red

National Heritage

Total world heritage sites: 33 (22 cultural, 11 natural)
Selected world heritage site locales: Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments (c); Kizhi Pogost (c); Kremlin and Red Square, Moscow (c); Historic Monuments of Novgorod and Surroundings (c); White Monuments of Vladimir and Suzdal (c); Architectural Ensemble of the Trinity Sergius Lavra in Sergiev Posad (c); Church of the Ascension, Kolomenskoye (c); Lake Baikal (n); Volcanoes of Kamchatka (n); Ensemble of the Ferapontov Monastery (c); Historic and Architectural Complex of the Kazan Kremlin (c); Citadel, Ancient City and Fortress Buildings of Derbent (c); Uvs Nuur Basin (n); Ensemble of the Novodevichy Convent (c); Natural System of Wrangel Island Reserve (n); Historical Centre of the City of Yaroslavl (c); Lena Pillars Nature Park (n); Bolgar Historical and Archaeological Complex (c); Assumption Cathedral and Monastery of the town-island of Sviyazhsk (c); Churches of the Pskov School of Architecture (c); Petroglyphs of Lake Onega and the White Sea (c); Rock Paintings of Shulgan-Tash Cave (c)

Political parties: A Just Russia for Truth or SRZP
Civic Platform or CP
Communists of Russia or CPCR
Communist Party of the Russian Federation or CPRF
Cossack Party of the Russian Federation or CosPRF
Democratic Party of Russia or DPR
Green Alternative or GA
Liberal Democratic Party of Russia or LDPR
New People or NP
Party for Fairness! or PARZAS!
Party of Direct Democracy or PDD
Party of Progress or PP
Party of Pensioners or RPPSJ
Party of Russia's Rebirth or PRR
Party of Social Protection or PSP
Rodina
Russian Ecological Party or The Greens
Russian Party of Freedom and Justice or RPFJ
Russia United Democratic Party or Yabloko
United Russia or UR

Legislative Branch

Note: note 1: the State Duma now includes 3 representatives from the "Republic of Crimea," while the Federation Council includes 2 each from the "Republic of Crimea" and the "Federal City of Sevastopol," both regions that Russia occupied and attempted to annex from Ukraine and that the US does not recognize as part of Russia
Legislature name: Federal Assembly (Federalnoye Sobraniye)
Legislative structure: bicameral

National Anthem(s)

Title: “Gosudarstvenny Gimn Rossiyskoy Federatsii” (National Anthem of the Russian Federation)
History: adopted 2000; Russia adopted the tune of the Soviet Union's anthem (composed in 1939), as well as new lyrics; MIKHALKOV, who wrote the new lyrics, also authored the Soviet lyrics in 1943
Lyrics/music: Sergey Vladimirovich MIKHALKOV/Aleksandr Vasilyevich ALEKSANDROV

National symbol(s): bear, double-headed eagle
National coat of arms: the current coat of arms of Russia was adopted by presidential decree on 30 November 1993; the double-headed eagle was adopted as a Russian symbol in 1472 when Ivan III married Sophia Palaiologina, niece of the last Byzantine emperor in Constantinople -- the eagle was her family's emblem
Administrative divisions: 46 provinces (oblasti, singular - oblast), 21 republics (respubliki, singular - respublika), 4 autonomous districts (avtonomnyye okrugi, singular - avtonomnyy okrug), 9 federal subjects (kraya, singular - kray), 2 federal cities (goroda, singular - gorod), and 1 autonomous province (avtonomnaya oblast')

oblasts: Amur (Blagoveshchensk), Arkhangelsk, Astrakhan, Belgorod, Bryansk, Chelyabinsk, Irkutsk, Ivanovo, Kaliningrad, Kaluga, Kemerovo, Kirov, Kostroma, Kurgan, Kursk, Leningrad (Gatchina), Lipetsk, Magadan, Moscow, Murmansk, Nizhniy Novgorod, Novgorod, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Orenburg, Orel, Penza, Pskov, Rostov, Ryazan, Sakhalin (Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk), Samara, Saratov, Smolensk, Sverdlovsk (Yekaterinburg), Tambov, Tomsk, Tula, Tver, Tyumen, Ulyanovsk, Vladimir, Volgograd, Vologda, Voronezh, Yaroslavl

republics: Adygeya (Maykop), Altay (Gorno-Altaysk), Bashkortostan (Ufa), Buryatiya (Ulan-Ude), Chechnya (Groznyy), Chuvashiya (Cheboksary), Dagestan (Makhachkala), Ingushetiya (Magas), Kabardino-Balkariya (Nal'chik), Kalmykiya (Elista), Karachayevo-Cherkesiya (Cherkessk), Kareliya (Petrozavodsk), Khakasiya (Abakan), Komi (Syktyvkar), Mariy-El (Yoshkar-Ola), Mordoviya (Saransk), North Ossetia (Vladikavkaz), Sakha [Yakutiya] (Yakutsk), Tatarstan (Kazan), Tyva (Kyzyl), Udmurtiya (Izhevsk)

autonomous districts: Chukotka (Anadyr'), Khanty-Mansi-Yugra (Khanty-Mansiysk), Nenets (Nar'yan-Mar), Yamalo-Nenets (Salekhard)

federal subjects: Altay (Barnaul), Kamchatka (Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy), Khabarovsk, Krasnodar, Krasnoyarsk, Perm, Primorskiy [Maritime] (Vladivostok), Stavropol, Zabaykalsk [Transbaikal] (Chita)

federal cities: Moscow [Moskva], Saint Petersburg [Sankt-Peterburg]

autonomous province: Yevreyskaya [Jewish] (Birobidzhan)

Legislative Branch Lower Chamber

Chamber name: State Duma (Gossoudarstvennaya Duma)
Term in office: 5 years
Number of seats: 450 (all directly elected)
Electoral system: mixed system
Scope of elections: full renewal
Most recent election date: 9/19/2021
Expected date of next election: September 2026
Percentage of women in chamber: 16.4%
Parties elected and seats per party: United Russia (326); Communist Party (KPRF) (57); A Just Russia (28); Liberal Democratic Party of Russia (LDPR) (23); Other (16)

Legislative Branch Upper Chamber

Chamber name: Council of the Federation (Soviet Federatsii)
Number of seats: 170 (all appointed)
Percentage of women in chamber: 18.5%

Diplomatic Representation in the US

Fax: [1] (202) 298-5735
Chancery: 2650 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20007
Telephone: [1] (202) 298-5700
Chief of mission: Ambassador Alexander Nikitich DARCHIEV (since 11 June 2025)
Consulate(s) general: Houston, New York
Email address and website: rusembusa@mid.ru

https://washington.mid.ru/en/

Diplomatic Representation from the US

Fax: [7] (495) 728-5090
Embassy: <small>55,75566° N, 37,58028° E</small>
Telephone: [7] (495) 728-5000
Mailing address: 5430 Moscow Place, Washington DC  20521-5430
Chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Chargé d’Affaires J. Douglas DYKHOUSE (since June 2025)
Consulate(s) general: Vladivostok (suspended status), Yekaterinburg (suspended status)
Email address and website: MoscowACS@state.gov

https://ru.usembassy.gov/

International organisations: APEC, Arctic Council, ARF, ASEAN (dialogue partner), BIS, BRICS, BSEC, CBSS, CD, CE, CERN (observer), CICA, CIS, CSTO, EAEC, EAEU, EAPC, EAS, EBRD, FAO, FATF, G-20, GCTU, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAIA (observer), MIGA, MINURSO, MONUSCO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OIC (observer), OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA, PFP, SCO, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNISFA, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNOOSA, UN Security Council (permanent), UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
International law organization participation: has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt

Legislature

RUSSIA · LOWER HOUSE

State Duma

450 seats · hover a seat for the party

Total seats

450

Majority line

226

Largest party

—

Parties

—

Upper house

RUSSIA · UPPER HOUSE

Federation Council

170 seats · hover a seat for the party

Total seats

170

Majority line

Largest party

United Russia

Parties

All political parties2 parties · 170 seats · click to dim in hemicycle

Leaders

Current

VP
Vladimir Putin
- Head of StateSince 2012
MM
Mikhail Mishustin
- Head of GovernmentSince 2020

Economy

Budget

Note: note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenditures converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated
Revenues: $704.613 billion (2023 est.)
Expenditures: $635.809 billion (2023 est.)

Exports

Civica canonical (reconciled): $476.4B

Note: note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Exports 2022: $640.878 billion (2022 est.)
Exports 2023: $465.22 billion (2023 est.)
Exports 2024: $475.277 billion (2024 est.)

Imports

Civica canonical (reconciled): $382.4B

Note: note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Imports 2022: $347.384 billion (2022 est.)
Imports 2023: $379.659 billion (2023 est.)
Imports 2024: $381.45 billion (2024 est.)

Industries: complete range of mining and extractive industries producing coal, oil, gas, chemicals, and metals; all forms of machine building from rolling mills to high-performance aircraft and space vehicles; defense industries (including radar, missile production, advanced electronic components), shipbuilding; road and rail transportation equipment; communications equipment; agricultural machinery, tractors, and construction equipment; electric power generating and transmitting equipment; medical and scientific instruments; consumer durables, textiles, foodstuffs, handicrafts
Labor force: 72.517 million (2024 est.)

Public Debt

Civica canonical (reconciled): 18.0%

Note: note: central government debt as a % of GDP
Public debt 2023: 18.5% of GDP (2023 est.)

Remittances

Note: note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities
Remittances 2022: 0.1% of GDP (2022 est.)
Remittances 2023: 0.1% of GDP (2023 est.)
Remittances 2024: 0.1% of GDP (2024 est.)

Exchange Rates

Currency: Russian rubles (RUB) per US dollar -
Exchange rates 2019: 64.738 (2019 est.)
Exchange rates 2020: 72.105 (2020 est.)
Exchange rates 2021: 73.654 (2021 est.)
Exchange rates 2022: 68.485 (2022 est.)
Exchange rates 2023: 85.162 (2023 est.)

Debt External

Note: note: present value of external debt in current US dollars
Debt external 2022: $135.301 billion (2022 est.)

Economic overview: natural resource-rich Eurasian economy; leading energy exporter to Europe and Asia; decreased oil export reliance; endemic corruption, Ukrainian invasion, and lack of green infrastructure limit investment and have led to sanctions

Unemployment Rate

Civica canonical (reconciled): 2.1%

Note: note: % of labor force seeking employment
Unemployment rate 2022: 3.9% (2022 est.)
Unemployment rate 2023: 3.1% (2023 est.)
Unemployment rate 2024: 2.6% (2024 est.)

Exports partners: China 33%, India 17%, Turkey 8%, Kazakhstan 4%, Brazil 3% (2023)
Imports partners: China 53%, Turkey 5%, Germany 5%, Kazakhstan 5%, Italy 2% (2023)

Real GDP Per Capita

Civica canonical (reconciled): $47,405

Note: note: data in 2021 dollars
Real GDP per capita 2022: $38,200 (2022 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2023: $39,900 (2023 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2024: $41,700 (2024 est.)

Real GDP Growth Rate

Civica canonical (reconciled): 4.3%

Note: note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency
Real GDP growth rate 2022: -1.4% (2022 est.)
Real GDP growth rate 2023: 4.1% (2023 est.)
Real GDP growth rate 2024: 4.3% (2024 est.)

Agricultural products: wheat, sugar beets, milk, barley, potatoes, sunflower seeds, maize, soybeans, chicken, pork (2023)
Exports commodities: crude petroleum, refined petroleum, natural gas, coal, fertilizers (2023)
Imports commodities: cars, packaged medicine, broadcasting equipment, garments, plastic products (2023)

Current Account Balance

Civica canonical (reconciled): $62.6B

Note: note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars
Current account balance 2022: $237.735 billion (2022 est.)
Current account balance 2023: $49.439 billion (2023 est.)
Current account balance 2024: $62.287 billion (2024 est.)

Taxes and other revenues: 12.1% (of GDP) (2023 est.)
GDP (official exchange rate): $2.174 trillion (2024 est.)

GDP Composition, BY End Use

Note: note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection
Household consumption: 49.4% (2024 est.)
Government consumption: 18.6% (2024 est.)
Investment in inventories: 4.2% (2024 est.)
Investment in fixed capital: 22.1% (2024 est.)
Exports of goods and services: 21.9% (2024 est.)
Imports of goods and services: -17.6% (2024 est.)

Population below poverty line: 12.1% (2020 est.)

Average Household Expenditures

On food: 25.3% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
On alcohol and tobacco: 5.9% of household expenditures (2023 est.)

Inflation Rate (Consumer Prices)

Civica canonical (reconciled): 8.4%

Note: note: annual % change based on consumer prices
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019: 4.5% (2019 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020: 3.4% (2020 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021: 6.7% (2021 est.)

Industrial production growth rate: 4.1% (2024 est.)

Real GDP (Purchasing Power Parity)

Civica canonical (reconciled): $6.089 trillion (2024 est.)

Note: note: data in 2021 dollars
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022: $5.607 trillion (2022 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023: $5.835 trillion (2023 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024: $6.089 trillion (2024 est.)

Youth Unemployment Rate (Ages 15 24)

Male: 8.8% (2024 est.)
Note: note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment
Total: 9.3% (2024 est.)
Female: 9.8% (2024 est.)

Reserves of Foreign Exchange and Gold

Note: note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2021: $632.242 billion (2021 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022: $581.71 billion (2022 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023: $597.217 billion (2023 est.)

GDP Composition, BY Sector of Origin

Note: note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data
Industry: 30.7% (2024 est.)
Services: 57.5% (2024 est.)
Agriculture: 2.7% (2024 est.)

Note: note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population
Lowest 10%: 2.7% (2021 est.)
Highest 10%: 26.6% (2021 est.)

Gini Index Coefficient Distribution of Family Income

Note: note: index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality
Gini index coefficient distribution of family income 2021: 35.1 (2021 est.)

Energy

Coal

Exports: 211.944 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Imports: 20.765 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Production: 531.13 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Consumption: 290.763 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Proven reserves: 162.166 billion metric tons (2023 est.)

Petroleum

Total petroleum production: 10.879 million bbl/day (2023 est.)
Crude oil estimated reserves: 80 billion barrels (2021 est.)
Refined petroleum consumption: 3.863 million bbl/day (2023 est.)

Electricity

Exports: 18.66 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Imports: 2.852 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Consumption: 1.011 trillion kWh (2023 est.)
Installed generating capacity: 301.926 million kW (2023 est.)
Transmission/distribution losses: 97.301 billion kWh (2023 est.)

Natural Gas

Exports: 124.479 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
Imports: 5.724 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
Production: 613.447 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
Consumption: 474.448 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
Proven reserves: 47.805 trillion cubic meters (2021 est.)

Nuclear Energy

Number of operational nuclear reactors: 36 (2025)
Percent of total electricity production: 18.4% (2023 est.)
Net capacity of operational nuclear reactors: 26.8GW (2025 est.)
Number of nuclear reactors under construction: 4 (2025)
Number of nuclear reactors permanently shut down: 11 (2025)

Electricity Access

Electrification rural areas: 100%
Electrification urban areas: 99.1%
Electrification total population: 100% (2022 est.)

Energy Consumption Per Capita

Total energy consumption per capita 2023: 224.858 million Btu/person (2023 est.)

Electricity Generation Sources

Wind: 0.7% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Solar: 0.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Nuclear: 19.3% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Fossil fuels: 61.8% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Hydroelectricity: 17.6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Biomass and waste: 0.3% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Communications

Internet Users

Percent of population: 92% (2023 est.)

Broadcast media: 13 national TV stations: the federal government owns 1 and controls a second, state-owned Gazprom controls 2, state-affiliated Bank Rossiya controls 2, Moscow city administration runs 1, the Russian Orthodox Church owns 1, and the Russian military owns 1; around 3,300 national, regional, and local TV stations, with over two-thirds completely or partially state-controlled; satellite TV available; 2 state-run national radio networks, with a third majority-owned by Gazprom; around 2,400 public and commercial radio stations
Internet country code: .ru

Telephones Fixed Lines

Total subscriptions: 20,816,300 (2023 est.)
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 15 (2022 est.)

Telephones Mobile Cellular

Total subscriptions: 270 million (2024 est.)
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 186 (2024 est.)

Broadband Fixed Subscriptions

Total: 35.9 million (2022 est.)
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 25 (2022 est.)

Transport

Ports

Large: 4
Small: 19
Medium: 5
Key ports: Arkhangels'k, De Kastri, Dudinka, Kaliningrad, Murmansk, Novorossiysk, Sankt-Peterburg, Vladivostok, Vyborg
Very small: 38
Total ports: 67 (2024)
Size unknown: 1
Ports with oil terminals: 32

Airports: 905 (2025)

Railways

Total: 85,494 km (2019)
Narrow gauge: 957 km

Heliports: 494 (2025)

Merchant Marine

Total: 2,910 (2023)
BY type: bulk carrier 15, container ship 20, general cargo 976, oil tanker 387, other 1,512

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: RA

Environment

Climate: ranges from steppes in the south through humid continental in much of European Russia; subarctic in Siberia to tundra climate in the polar north; winters vary from cool along Black Sea coast to frigid in Siberia; summers vary from warm in the steppes to cool along Arctic coast

Geoparks

Global geoparks and regional networks: Yangan-Tau (2023)
Total global geoparks and regional networks: 1

Land Use

Other: 35.9% (2023 est.)
Forest: 50.7% (2023 est.)
Agricultural land: 13.2% (2023 est.)
Agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 7.4% (2023 est.)
Agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 0.1% (2023 est.)
Agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 5.6% (2023 est.)

Urbanization

Urban population: 75.3% of total population (2023)
Rate of urbanization: 0.11% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Methane Emissions

Other: 363.2 kt (2019-2021 est.)
Waste: 4,069.8 kt (2019-2021 est.)
Energy: 13,815.3 kt (2022-2024 est.)
Agriculture: 1,972.6 kt (2019-2021 est.)

Waste and Recycling

Municipal solid waste generated annually: 60 million tons (2024 est.)
Percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 5.3% (2022 est.)

Environmental issues: air pollution from heavy industry, coal-fired electric plants, and transportation in major cities; industrial, municipal, and agricultural pollution of inland waterways and seacoasts; deforestation; soil erosion; soil contamination from agricultural chemicals; nuclear waste disposal; scattered areas of radioactive contamination; groundwater contamination from toxic waste; urban solid-waste management; abandoned stocks of pesticides

Total Water Withdrawal

Municipal: 17.15 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
Industrial: 29.03 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
Agricultural: 18.64 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

Carbon Dioxide Emissions

Total emissions: 1.844 billion metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
From consumed natural gas: 912.076 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
From coal and metallurgical coke: 479.311 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
From petroleum and other liquids: 453.103 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

Particulate matter emissions: 9.1 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
Total renewable water resources: 4.53 trillion cubic meters (2022 est.)

International Environmental Agreements

Party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling
Signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Sulfur 94

Military & Security

Military note: the Russian military is responsible for protecting the country's sovereignty and territorial integrity, providing maritime security, and supporting Moscow's national security objectives, including projecting influence and power abroad and deterring perceived external threats; its missions include air, land, maritime, strategic missile, and expeditionary operations; it is also active in the areas of cyber warfare, electronic warfare, and space; the Russian military's focus is its ongoing war on Ukraine and the perceived threat from NATO and the US

in February 2022, Russia launched a full-scale military invasion of Ukraine, beginning what is the largest war in Europe since World War II ended in 1945; Russian military forces occupied Ukraine’s province of Crimea in 2014, and Moscow subsequently backed separatist forces in the Donbas region of Ukraine with arms, equipment, and training, as well as Russian military troops, although Moscow denied their presence prior to 2022

Russia intervened in the Syrian civil war at the request of the Syrian Government from September 2015 until the collapse of the ASAD regime in December 2024; it was Moscow’s first overseas military expeditionary operation since the Soviet era; Russian assistance included air support, arms and equipment, intelligence, military advisors, private military contractors, special operations forces, and training; Russia seized the Georgian regions of Abkhazia and South Ossetia by force in 2008 (2025)
Military deployments: estimated 600,000 in Ukraine; more than 20,000 additional military personnel deployed in former Soviet states and elsewhere, including Armenia, Belarus, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, Libya, Moldova, Syria, sub-Saharan Africa, and Tajikistan (2025)

Military Expenditures

Civica canonical (reconciled): 7.1%

Military expenditures 2020: 4% of GDP (2020 est.)
Military expenditures 2021: 4% of GDP (2021 est.)
Military expenditures 2022: 4.5% of GDP (2022 est.)
Military expenditures 2023: 5% of GDP (2023 est.)
Military expenditures 2024: 7% of GDP (2024 est.)

Military and security forces: Armed Forces of the Russian Federation: Ground Forces (SV), Aerospace Forces (VKS), Navy (VMF); separate or independent troop branches include the Airborne Forces (VDV), Missile Troops of Strategic Purpose (RVSN; commonly to as Strategic Rocket Forces), Special Operations Forces, and Unmanned Systems Forces

Federal National Guard Troops Service of the Russian Federation (FSVNG, National Guard, Russian Guard, or Rosgvardiya)

Federal Security Services (FSB): Federal Border Guard Service (includes land and maritime forces) (2025)
Military service age and obligation: 18-30 years of age for compulsory service for men; 18-65 years of age for voluntary/contractual service; women and non-Russian citizens (18-30) may volunteer; minimum 12-month service obligation (2025)
Military equipment inventories and acquisitions: the Russian Federation's military and paramilitary services are equipped with domestically produced weapons systems, although in recent years Russia has imported military hardware from external suppliers such as Iran and North Korea to support its war on Ukraine; the Russian defense industry is capable of producing a full range of advanced air, land, missile, and naval systems; Russia is one of the world's largest exporters of military hardware (2025)
Military and security service personnel strengths: estimated 1.1-1.2 million active Armed Forces; estimated 350,000 Federal National Guard Troops (2025)

Terrorism

Terrorist group(s): Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS)

Space

Space launch site(s): Baikonur Cosmodrome (Kazakhstan); Vostochny Cosmodrome (Amur Oblast); Plesetsk Cosmodrome (Arkhangel'sk Oblast) (2025)
Space agency/agencies: State Space Corporation of the Russian Federation (Roscosmos; established 2015); Russian Space Forces (Kosmicheskie voyska Rossii, KV; under the Russian Aerospace Forces) (2025)
Space program overview: has one of the world’s largest space programs and is active across all areas of the space sector; builds, launches, and operates satellite/space launch vehicles, satellites, space stations, interplanetary probes, and manned, robotic, and re-usable spacecraft; has astronaut (cosmonaut) training program and conducts human space flight; researching and developing a broad range of other space-related technologies; participates in international space programs such as the International Space Station; has had relations with dozens of foreign space agencies and commercial entities, including those of China, the ESA, India, Japan, and the US; Roscosmos and its public subsidiaries comprise the majority of the Russian space industry; Roscosmos has eight operating areas, including manned space flights, launch systems, unmanned spacecraft, rocket propulsion, military missiles, space avionics, special military space systems, and flight control systems; private companies are also involved in a range of space systems (2025)
Key space program milestones: 1957 - placed world’s first satellite (Sputnik-1) in orbit

1961-1964 - launched first man, first woman, and first multi-member crew into space

1965 - launched first probe to successfully land on the Moon

1967 - initial launch of Soviet-made Soyuz series space launch vehicle (SLV)

1971 - placed first space station (Salyut) in orbit and successfully landed a probe on Venus

1975 - joint Soviet (Soyuz)-US (Apollo) space mission

1986 - began operation of Mir space station (in orbit until 2001)

1995 - Global Navigation Satellite System (GLObalnaya NAvigatsionnaya Sputnikovaya Sistema or GLONASS) constellation completed

2014 - initial launch of Angara SLV series

2021 - announced agreements with China to send a robotic probe to an asteroid and jointly establish a station on the Moon

2023 - launch first of a planned series of Moon landers (Luna-25; crashed on Moon's surface); announced intent to place first module of a new space station in orbit by 2027

Transnational Issues

Trafficking in Persons

Tier rating: Tier 3 — Russia does not fully meet the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking and is not making significant efforts to do so, therefore, Russia remained on Tier 3; for more details, go to: https://www.state.gov/reports/2025-trafficking-in-persons-report/russia/

Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons

Idps: 172,783 (2024 est.)
Refugees: 11,440 (2024 est.)
Stateless persons: 90,185 (2024 est.)

Scores & Rankings

ScoreValueGlobal rankTrendAs of

Civica Index16.0 / 100as of 2024-Q4170 / 190−16.02024-Q4

Civica Pulse−4.1as of 2026-05-06—2026-05-06

V-Dem Liberal Democracy0.06as of 2024-Q4150 / 170−0.022024-Q4

Freedom House StatusNot Free (8/100)as of 2024-Q4—−6.52024-Q4

Press Freedom (RSF)Restricted press (33/100)as of 2024—2024

Human Development Index0.822as of 2022—2022

Corruption Perceptions Index26 / 100as of 2023141 / 1802023

Cite this page

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Civica. (2026). Civica Atlas — Russia — vintage 2026-Q1: Russia factbook. Civica Atlas. Retrieved May 7, 2026, from https://civicaatlas.org/factbook/russia

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Sources: FAO FAOSTAT, ILO ILOSTAT, IMF (WEO), OECD.Stat, UN Statistics Division, UNDP HDR, UNESCO Institute for Statistics, V-Dem, WHO Global Health Observatory, World Bank, WTO Stats, CIA World Factbook, Wikidata

Russia

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