North Macedonia

Parliamentary RepublicPop2.1MGDP (PPP)$43.8BCI47Beta CP0.0→Beta

North Macedonia

⌘K

Overview

Background: North Macedonia gained its independence peacefully from Yugoslavia in 1991 under the name of "Macedonia." Greece objected to the new country’s name, insisting it implied territorial pretensions to the northern Greek province of Macedonia, and democratic backsliding for several years stalled North Macedonia's movement toward Euro-Atlantic integration. Immediately after Macedonia declared independence, Greece sought to block its efforts to gain UN membership if the name "Macedonia" was used. The country was eventually admitted to the UN in 1993 as "The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia," and at the same time it agreed to UN-sponsored negotiations on the name dispute. In 1995, Greece lifted a 20-month trade embargo and the two countries agreed to normalize relations, but the issue of the name remained unresolved amid ongoing negotiations. As an interim measure, the US and over 130 other nations recognized Macedonia by its constitutional name, Republic of Macedonia.

Ethnic Albanian grievances over perceived political and economic inequities escalated into an armed conflict in 2001 that eventually led to the internationally brokered Ohrid Framework Agreement, which ended the fighting and established guidelines for constitutional amendments and new laws that enhanced the rights of minorities. In 2018, the government adopted a new law on languages, which elevated the Albanian language to an official language at the national level and kept the Macedonian language as the sole official language in international relations, but ties between ethnic Macedonians and ethnic Albanians remain complicated.
In 2018, Macedonia and Greece signed the Prespa Agreement whereby Macedonia agreed to change its name to North Macedonia, and the agreement went in to force on 12 February 2019. North Macedonia joined NATO in 2020 after amending its constitution as agreed and opened EU accession talks in 2022 after a two-year veto by Bulgaria over identity, language, and historical disputes. The 2014 legislative and presidential election triggered a political crisis that lasted almost three years and escalated in 2015 when the opposition party began releasing wiretapped material revealing alleged widespread government corruption and abuse. The country still faces challenges, including fully implementing reforms to overcome years of democratic backsliding, stimulating economic growth and development, and fighting organized crime and corruption.

Geography

Area

Land: 25,433 sq km
Water: 280 sq km
Total: 25,713 sq km

Climate: warm, dry summers and autumns; relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall
Terrain: mountainous with deep basins and valleys; three large lakes, each divided by a frontier line; country bisected by the Vardar River

Land Use

Other: 9.5% (2023 est.)
Forest: 40.9% (2023 est.)
Agricultural land: 49.6% (2023 est.)
Agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 16.5% (2023 est.)
Agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 1.6% (2023 est.)
Agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 31.5% (2023 est.)

Location: Southeastern Europe, north of Greece
Coastline: 0 km (landlocked)

Elevation

Lowest point: Vardar River 50 m
Highest point: Golem Korab (Maja e Korabit) 2,764 m
Mean elevation: 741 m

Irrigated land: 844 sq km (2016)
Map references: Europe

Land Boundaries

Total: 838 km
Border countries: Albania 181 km; Bulgaria 162 km; Greece 234 km; Kosovo 160 km; Serbia 101 km

Maritime claims: none (landlocked)
Natural hazards: high seismic risks
Geography note: landlocked; major transportation corridor from Western and Central Europe to Aegean Sea and Southern Europe to Western Europe
Natural resources: low-grade iron ore, copper, lead, zinc, chromite, manganese, nickel, tungsten, gold, silver, asbestos, gypsum, timber, arable land
Area comparative: slightly larger than Vermont; almost four times the size of Delaware
Geographic coordinates: 41 50 N, 22 00 E
Population distribution: a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations

Major Watersheds (Area Sq Km)

Atlantic ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km)

People & Society

Literacy

Female: 97.8% (2018 est.)

Languages

Note: note: data represent mother tongue; minority languages are co-official with Macedonian in municipalities where at least 20% of the population are speakers, with Albanian co-official in Tetovo, Brvenica, Vrapciste, and other municipalities, Turkish in Centar Zupa and Plasnica, Romani in Suto Orizari, Aromanian in Krusevo, Serbian in Cucer Sandevo
Languages: Macedonian (official) 61.4%, Albanian (official) 24.3%, Turkish 3.4%, Romani 1.7%, other (includes Aromanian (Vlach) and Bosnian) 2%, unspecified 7.2% (2021 est.)
Major language sample(s): Книга на Светски Факти, неопходен извор на основни информации. (Macedonian)

The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.

Religions: Orthodox 46.1%, Islam 32.2%, Christian 13.2%, Other 7.2%; less than 1%: atheist, Catholic, other religions, not specified, Protestant (2021 est.)

Sex Ratio

At birth: 1.07 male(s)/female
0 14 years: 1.07 male(s)/female
15 64 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
Total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
65 years and over: 0.79 male(s)/female

Birth rate: 10.07 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Death rate: 9.62 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Median Age

Male: 39.4 years
Total: 40.9 years (2025 est.)
Female: 41.6 years

Population

Male: 1,065,634
Total: 2,137,556 (2025 est.)
Female: 1,071,922

Nationality

Noun: Macedonian(s)
Adjective: Macedonian

Urbanization

Urban population: 59.5% of total population (2023)
Rate of urbanization: 0.61% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Age Structure

0 14 years: 16% (male 176,423/female 164,945)
15 64 years: 68.4% (male 740,649/female 719,627)
65 years and over: 15.6% (2024 est.) (male 147,655/female 186,323)

Ethnic groups: Macedonian 58.4%, Albanian 24.3%, Turkish 3.9%, Romani 2.5%, Serb 1.3%, other 2.3%, no ethnic affiliation data available 7.2% (2021 est.)

Child Marriage

Women married BY age 15: 0.3% (2019)
Women married BY age 18: 7.5% (2019)

Dependency Ratios

Total dependency ratio: 46.9 (2025 est.)
Youth dependency ratio: 23.3 (2025 est.)
Potential support ratio: 4.2 (2025 est.)
Elderly dependency ratio: 23.6 (2025 est.)

Physician density: 2.94 physicians/1,000 population (2022)

Health Expenditure

Health expenditure (as % of GDP): 8.5% of GDP (2021)
Health expenditure (as % of national budget): 12.4% of national budget (2022 est.)

Net migration rate: 0.38 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Hospital bed density: 4.2 beds/1,000 population (2020 est.)
Total fertility rate: 1.53 children born/woman (2025 est.)

Drinking Water Source

Improved: rural: rural: 97.4% of population (2022 est.)
Improved: total: total: 97.8% of population (2022 est.)
Improved: urban: urban: 98.1% of population (2022 est.)
Unimproved: rural: rural: 2.6% of population (2022 est.)
Unimproved: total: total: 2.2% of population (2022 est.)
Unimproved: urban: urban: 1.9% of population (2022 est.)

Infant Mortality Rate

Male: 7.9 deaths/1,000 live births
Total: 6.8 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)
Female: 6 deaths/1,000 live births

Population growth rate: 0.08% (2025 est.)
Gross reproduction rate: 0.74 (2025 est.)
Population distribution: a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations

Life Expectancy at Birth

Male: 75.3 years
Female: 79.6 years
Total population: 77.3 years (2024 est.)

Maternal mortality ratio: 3 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)

Sanitation Facility Access

Improved: rural: rural: 98.6% of population (2022 est.)
Improved: total: total: 99.4% of population (2022 est.)
Improved: urban: urban: 100% of population (2022 est.)
Unimproved: rural: rural: 1.4% of population (2022 est.)
Unimproved: total: total: 0.6% of population (2022 est.)
Unimproved: urban: urban: 0% of population (2022 est.)

Alcohol Consumption Per Capita

Beer: 1.93 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Wine: 1.03 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Total: 3.9 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Spirits: 0.9 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Other alcohols: 0.03 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Major urban areas population: 611,000 SKOPJE (capital) (2023)
Obesity adult prevalence rate: 22.4% (2016)
Mother's mean age at first birth: 26.9 years (2020 est.)
Currently married women (ages 15 49): 66.1% (2021 est.)
Children under the age of 5 years underweight: 0.9% (2019 est.)

School Life Expectancy (Primary to Tertiary Education)

Male: 14 years (2022 est.)
Total: 15 years (2022 est.)
Female: 15 years (2022 est.)

Government

Civica · structure

How power is organised

ExecutiveLegislative

Flag: description: a red field with a yellow sun (the Sun of Liberty) in the center, with eight broadening rays extending to the edges

meaning: the red and yellow colors have long been associated with Macedonia

Capital

Name: Skopje
Etymology: the name is of Illyrian or Macedonian origin, and the meaning is unclear; derives from Scupi, its name during the Roman era
Time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
Geographic coordinates: 42 00 N, 21 26 E

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal

Citizenship

Citizenship BY birth: no
Citizenship BY descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of North Macedonia
Dual citizenship recognized: no
Residency requirement for naturalization: 8 years

Constitution

History: several previous (since 1944); latest adopted 17 November 1991, effective 20 November 1991
Amendment process: proposed by the president of the republic, by the government, by at least 30 members of the Assembly, or by petition of at least 150,000 citizens; final approval requires a two-thirds majority vote by the Assembly

Country Name

Former: Democratic Federal Macedonia, People's Republic of Macedonia, Socialist Republic of Macedonia, Republic of Macedonia
Etymology: the name derives from the ancient kingdom of Macedon (7th to 2nd centuries B.C.), whose name origin is unclear; it may derive from the mythological Macedon, the son of the Greek god Zeus; alternatively, it may come from the Greek word makednos, meaning "tail," or the Illyrian word maketia, meaning "cattle"
Local long form: Republika Severna Makedonija
Local short form: Severna Makedonija
Conventional long form: Republic of North Macedonia
Conventional short form: North Macedonia

Independence: 8 September 1991 (referendum endorsed independence from Yugoslavia)
Legal system: civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts
Government type: parliamentary republic

Judicial Branch

Highest court(s): Supreme Court (consists of 22 judges); Constitutional Court (consists of 9 judges)
Subordinate courts: Courts of Appeal; Basic Courts
Judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court judges nominated by the Judicial Council, a 7-member body of legal professionals, and appointed by the Assembly; judge tenure NA; Constitutional Court judges appointed by the Assembly for nonrenewable, 9-year terms

Executive Branch

Cabinet: Council of Ministers elected by the Assembly by simple majority vote
Chief of state: President Gordana SILJANOVSKA-DAVKOVA (since 12 May 2024)
Election results: 2024: Hristijan MICKOSKI elected prime minister; Assembly vote - 77 for, 22 against

2024: Gordana SILJANOVSKA-DAVKOVA elected president in the second round; percent of vote - Gordana SILJANOVSKA-DAVKOVA (VMRO-DPMNE) 69%, Stevo PENDAROVSKI (SDSM) 31%

2024: Talat XHAFERI elected caretaker prime minister; Assembly vote - 65 for (opposition boycott)

2022: Dimitar KOVACEVSKI elected prime minister; Assembly vote - NA
Head of government: Prime Minister Hristijan MICKOSKI (since 23 June 2024)
Most recent election date: 24 April and 8 May 2024
Election/appointment process: president directly elected using a modified 2-round system; a candidate can only be elected in the first round with an absolute majority from all registered voters; in the second round, voter turnout must be at least 40% for the result to be valid; president elected for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); following legislative elections, the Assembly usually elects the leader of the majority party or majority coalition as prime minister
Expected date of next election: 2029

National holiday: Independence Day, 8 September (1991), also known as National Day
National color(s): red, yellow

National Heritage

Total world heritage sites: 2 (both natural)
Selected world heritage site locales: Natural and Cultural Heritage of the Ohrid Region; Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians

Political parties: Alliance for Albanians or AfA or ASH
Alternative (Alternativa) or AAA
Besa Movement or BESA
Citizen Option for Macedonia or GROM
Democratic Alliance or DS
Democratic Movement or LD
Democratic Party of Albanians or PDSH
Democratic Party of Serbs or DPSM
Democratic Renewal of Macedonia or DOM
Democratic Union for Integration or BDI
European Democratic Party or PDE
Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization - Democratic Party for Macedonian National Unity or VMRO-DPMNE
Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization - People's Party or VMRO-NP
Liberal Democratic Party or LDP
New Social-Democratic Party or NSDP
Social Democratic Union of Macedonia or SDSM
Socialist Party of Macedonia or SPM
Srpska Stranka in Macedonia or SSM
The Left (Levica)
The People Movement or LP
Turkish Democratic Party or TDP
Turkish Movement Party or THP
We Can! (coalition includes SDSM/BESA/VMRO-NP, DPT, LDP)

Legislative Branch

Term in office: 4 years
Number of seats: 123 (all directly elected)
Electoral system: mixed system
Legislature name: Assembly of the Republic (Sobranie)
Scope of elections: full renewal
Legislative structure: unicameral
Most recent election date: 5/8/2024
Expected date of next election: May 2028
Percentage of women in chamber: 39.2%
Parties elected and seats per party: Coalition "Your Macedonia" (led by VMRO-DPMNE) (58); Coalition "European Front" (led by the Democratic Union for Integration – DUI) (18); Coalition "For a European Future" (led by the Social Democratic Union of Macedonia – SDSM) (18); Coalition VLEN (14); ZNAM (Movement "I know": For our Macedonia) (6); The Left (Levica) (6)

National Anthem(s)

Title: "Denes nad Makedonija" (Today Over Macedonia)
History: written in 1943 and adopted in 1991, the song previously served as the anthem of the Socialist Republic of Macedonia, when it was part of Yugoslavia
Lyrics/music: Vlado MALESKI/Todor SKALOVSKI

National symbol(s): eight-rayed sun
Administrative divisions: 80 municipalities (opstini, singular - opstina) and 1 city* (grad); Aracinovo, Berovo, Bitola, Bogdanci, Bogovinje, Bosilovo, Brvenica, Caska, Centar Zupa, Cesinovo-Oblesevo, Cucer Sandevo, Debar, Debarca, Delcevo, Demir Hisar, Demir Kapija, Dojran, Dolneni, Gevgelija, Gostivar, Gradsko, Ilinden, Jegunovce, Karbinci, Kavadarci, Kicevo, Kocani, Konce, Kratovo, Kriva Palanka, Krivogastani, Krusevo, Kumanovo, Lipkovo, Lozovo, Makedonska Kamenica, Makedonski Brod, Mavrovo i Rostuse, Mogila, Negotino, Novaci, Novo Selo, Ohrid, Pehcevo, Petrovec, Plasnica, Prilep, Probistip, Radovis, Rankovce, Resen, Rosoman, Skopje*, Sopiste, Staro Nagoricane, Stip, Struga, Strumica, Studenicani, Sveti Nikole, Tearce, Tetovo, Valandovo, Vasilevo, Veles, Vevcani, Vinica, Vrapciste, Zelenikovo, Zelino, Zrnovci

*the Greater Skopje area is composed of 10 municipalities: Aerodrom, Butel, Centar, Chair, Gazi Baba, Gjorce Petrov, Karposh, Kisela Voda, Saraj, and Shuto Orizari

Diplomatic Representation in the US

Fax: [1] (202) 667-2104
Chancery: 2129 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
Telephone: [1] (202) 667-0501
Chief of mission: Ambassador Zoran POPOV (since 16 September 2022)
Consulate(s) general: Chicago, Detroit, New York
Email address and website: washington@mfa.gov.mk

United States (mfa.gov.mk)

Diplomatic Representation from the US

Fax: [389] (2) 310-2499
Embassy: Str. Samoilova, Nr. 21, 1000 Skopje
Telephone: [389] (2) 310-2000
Mailing address: 7120 Skopje Place, Washington, DC 20521-7120
Chief of mission: Ambassador Angela AGGELER (since 8 November 2022)
Email address and website: SkopjeACS@state.gov

https://mk.usembassy.gov/

International organisations: BIS, CD, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, EU (candidate country), FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NATO, OAS (observer), OIF, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
International law organization participation: has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

Legislature

NORTH MACEDONIA · LEGISLATURE

Assembly of the Republic

123 seats · hover a seat for the party

Total seats

123

Majority line

Largest party

Coalition "Your Macedonia" (led by VMRO-DPMNE)

Parties

All political parties6 parties · 123 seats · click to dim in hemicycle

Leaders

Current

GS
Gordana Siljanovska-Davkova
- Head of StateSince 2024
HM
Hristijan Mickoski
- Head of GovernmentSince 2024

Economy

Budget

Note: note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenditures converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated
Revenues: $4.787 billion (2023 est.)
Expenditures: $5.514 billion (2023 est.)

Exports

Civica canonical (reconciled): $10.5B

Note: note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Exports 2022: $10.123 billion (2022 est.)
Exports 2023: $10.691 billion (2023 est.)
Exports 2024: $10.445 billion (2024 est.)

Imports

Civica canonical (reconciled): $12.7B

Note: note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Imports 2022: $13.009 billion (2022 est.)
Imports 2023: $12.748 billion (2023 est.)
Imports 2024: $12.644 billion (2024 est.)

Industries: food processing, beverages, textiles, chemicals, iron, steel, cement, energy, pharmaceuticals, automotive parts
Labor force: 779,200 (2024 est.)

Public Debt

Civica canonical (reconciled): 39.3% of GDP (2017 est.)

Note: note: official data from Ministry of Finance; data cover central government debt; this data excludes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; includes treasury debt held by foreign entitites; excludes debt issued by sub-national entities; there are no debt instruments sold for social funds
Public debt 2017: 39.3% of GDP (2017 est.)

Remittances

Note: note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities
Remittances 2022: 3.3% of GDP (2022 est.)
Remittances 2023: 2.9% of GDP (2023 est.)
Remittances 2024: 2.7% of GDP (2024 est.)

Exchange Rates

Currency: Macedonian denars (MKD) per US dollar -
Exchange rates 2020: 54.144 (2020 est.)
Exchange rates 2021: 52.102 (2021 est.)
Exchange rates 2022: 58.574 (2022 est.)
Exchange rates 2023: 56.947 (2023 est.)
Exchange rates 2024: 56.873 (2024 est.)

Debt External

Note: note: present value of external debt in current US dollars
Debt external 2023: $5.637 billion (2023 est.)

Economic overview: upper-middle-income European economy; GDP growth driven by private consumption, public infrastructure investments, and wage growth; stalled progress on EU accession; public debt rising due to high pensions, wages, and interest payments; structural challenges of emigration, low productivity growth, and governance

Unemployment Rate

Civica canonical (reconciled): 12.3%

Note: note: % of labor force seeking employment
Unemployment rate 2022: 14.5% (2022 est.)
Unemployment rate 2023: 13.2% (2023 est.)
Unemployment rate 2024: 13.5% (2024 est.)

Exports partners: Germany 39%, Serbia 8%, Bulgaria 6%, Greece 5%, Czechia 3% (2023)
Imports partners: UK 12%, Germany 10%, Greece 9%, China 9%, Serbia 8% (2023)

Real GDP Per Capita

Civica canonical (reconciled): $26,995

Note: note: data in 2021 dollars
Real GDP per capita 2022: $22,800 (2022 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2023: $23,300 (2023 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2024: $24,500 (2024 est.)

Real GDP Growth Rate

Civica canonical (reconciled): 3.0%

Note: note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency
Real GDP growth rate 2022: 2.8% (2022 est.)
Real GDP growth rate 2023: 2.1% (2023 est.)
Real GDP growth rate 2024: 2.8% (2024 est.)

Agricultural products: chillies/peppers, milk, wheat, potatoes, grapes, barley, cabbages, maize, watermelons, tomatoes (2023)
Exports commodities: reaction and catalytic products, insulated wire, electricity, garments, seats (2023)
Imports commodities: platinum, refined petroleum, laboratory ceramic ware, cars, natural gas (2023)

Current Account Balance

Civica canonical (reconciled): -$356.0M

Note: note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars
Current account balance 2022: -$868.965 million (2022 est.)
Current account balance 2023: $56.573 million (2023 est.)
Current account balance 2024: -$374.385 million (2024 est.)

Taxes and other revenues: 17.9% (of GDP) (2023 est.)
GDP (official exchange rate): $16.685 billion (2024 est.)

GDP Composition, BY End Use

Note: note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection
Household consumption: 67.9% (2024 est.)
Government consumption: 16.8% (2024 est.)
Investment in inventories: 0% (2024 est.)
Investment in fixed capital: 28.4% (2024 est.)
Exports of goods and services: 62.7% (2024 est.)
Imports of goods and services: -75.8% (2024 est.)

Population below poverty line: 21.8% (2019 est.)

Average Household Expenditures

On food: 30.6% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
On alcohol and tobacco: 4.8% of household expenditures (2023 est.)

Inflation Rate (Consumer Prices)

Civica canonical (reconciled): 3.5%

Note: note: annual % change based on consumer prices
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022: 14.2% (2022 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023: 9.4% (2023 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2024: 3.5% (2024 est.)

Industrial production growth rate: 1.8% (2024 est.)

Real GDP (Purchasing Power Parity)

Civica canonical (reconciled): $43.844 billion (2024 est.)

Note: note: data in 2021 dollars
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022: $41.801 billion (2022 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023: $42.668 billion (2023 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024: $43.844 billion (2024 est.)

Youth Unemployment Rate (Ages 15 24)

Male: 29.2% (2024 est.)
Note: note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment
Total: 30.3% (2024 est.)
Female: 32.3% (2024 est.)

Reserves of Foreign Exchange and Gold

Note: note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022: $4.12 billion (2022 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023: $5.015 billion (2023 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2024: $5.252 billion (2024 est.)

GDP Composition, BY Sector of Origin

Note: note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data
Industry: 22.7% (2024 est.)
Services: 59.2% (2024 est.)
Agriculture: 6% (2024 est.)

Note: note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population
Lowest 10%: 1.9% (2019 est.)
Highest 10%: 22.9% (2019 est.)

Gini Index Coefficient Distribution of Family Income

Note: note: index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality
Gini index coefficient distribution of family income 2019: 33.5 (2019 est.)

Energy

Coal

Exports: 58,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
Imports: 41,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
Production: 4 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Consumption: 5.344 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Proven reserves: 332 million metric tons (2023 est.)

Petroleum

Refined petroleum consumption: 24,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)

Electricity

Exports: 7.081 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Imports: 7.232 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Consumption: 5.896 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Installed generating capacity: 2.467 million kW (2023 est.)
Transmission/distribution losses: 993.662 million kWh (2023 est.)

Natural Gas

Imports: 347.981 million cubic meters (2023 est.)
Consumption: 348.078 million cubic meters (2023 est.)

Electricity Access

Electrification total population: 100% (2022 est.)

Energy Consumption Per Capita

Total energy consumption per capita 2023: 56.104 million Btu/person (2023 est.)

Electricity Generation Sources

Wind: 2.3% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Solar: 4.6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Fossil fuels: 68.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Hydroelectricity: 24% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Biomass and waste: 0.8% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Communications

Internet Users

Percent of population: 87% (2023 est.)

Broadcast media: public TV broadcaster Macedonian Radio and Television operates 5 national terrestrial TV channels and 2 satellite TV channels; 11 regional TV stations broadcast nationally; 29 regional and local broadcasters; a large number of cable operators offer domestic and international programming; the public radio broadcaster operates 3 stations; 4 privately owned national radio stations and 60 regional and local operators (2023)
Internet country code: .mk

Telephones Fixed Lines

Total subscriptions: 439,000 (2022 est.)
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 24 (2022 est.)

Telephones Mobile Cellular

Total subscriptions: 1.98 million (2024 est.)
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 108 (2024 est.)

Broadband Fixed Subscriptions

Total: 515,000 (2022 est.)
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 28 (2022 est.)

Transport

Airports: 13 (2025)

Railways

Total: 699 km (2020) 313 km electrified

Heliports: 13 (2025)
Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: Z3

Environment

Climate: warm, dry summers and autumns; relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall

Land Use

Other: 9.5% (2023 est.)
Forest: 40.9% (2023 est.)
Agricultural land: 49.6% (2023 est.)
Agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 16.5% (2023 est.)
Agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 1.6% (2023 est.)
Agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 31.5% (2023 est.)

Urbanization

Urban population: 59.5% of total population (2023)
Rate of urbanization: 0.61% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Waste and Recycling

Municipal solid waste generated annually: 627,000 tons (2024 est.)
Percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 4.9% (2022 est.)

Environmental issues: air pollution from metallurgical plants, smoke from wood-burning stoves, and vehicle emissions

Total Water Withdrawal

Municipal: 305.4 million cubic meters (2022 est.)
Industrial: 31.54 million cubic meters (2022 est.)
Agricultural: 139 million cubic meters (2022 est.)

Carbon Dioxide Emissions

Total emissions: 7.369 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
From consumed natural gas: 673,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
From coal and metallurgical coke: 3.014 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
From petroleum and other liquids: 3.682 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

Particulate matter emissions: 28.7 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
Total renewable water resources: 6.4 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

International Environmental Agreements

Party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
Signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Military & Security

Military note: the Army of the Republic of North Macedonia (ARSM) is responsible for the defense of the country’s territory and independence, fulfilling North Macedonia’s commitments to NATO and European security, and contributing to EU, NATO, and UN peace and security missions; the ARSM has participated in multinational missions and operations in Afghanistan (NATO), Bosnia and Herzegovina (EU), Eastern Europe (NATO), Iraq (NATO), Kosovo (NATO), and Lebanon (UN); a key area of focus over the past decade has been improving capabilities and bringing the largely Soviet-era-equipped ARSM up to NATO standards; it has increased its participation in NATO training exercises since becoming the 30th member of the Alliance in 2020 and currently has small numbers of combat troops deployed to Bulgaria and Romania as part of NATO’s Enhance Forward Presence mission implemented because of Russian military aggression against Ukraine (2025)

Military Expenditures

Civica canonical (reconciled): 2% of GDP (2025 est.)

Military expenditures 2021: 1.5% of GDP (2021 est.)
Military expenditures 2022: 1.6% of GDP (2022 est.)
Military expenditures 2023: 1.7% of GDP (2023 est.)
Military expenditures 2024: 1.9% of GDP (2024 est.)
Military expenditures 2025: 2% of GDP (2025 est.)

Military and security forces: Army of the Republic of North Macedonia (ARSM or ARNM): joint force with air, ground, reserve, special operations, and support forces (2025)
Military service age and obligation: 18 years of age for voluntary military service; conscription abolished in 2007 (2025)
Military equipment inventories and acquisitions: the military's inventory is a mix of Russian/Soviet-era armaments and growing quantities of more modern equipment from countries such as Türkiye, the UK, and the US (2025)
Military and security service personnel strengths: approximately 6,000 active military personnel (2025)

Terrorism

Terrorist group(s): Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS)

Transnational Issues

Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons

Refugees: 20,937 (2024 est.)
Stateless persons: 159 (2024 est.)

Scores & Rankings

ScoreValueGlobal rankTrendAs of

Civica Index47.0 / 100as of 2024-Q493 / 1902024-Q4

V-Dem Liberal Democracy0.37as of 2024-Q483 / 1702024-Q4

Freedom House StatusNot Free (67/100)as of 2024-Q4—2024-Q4

Press Freedom (RSF)Partly free (50/100)as of 2024—2024

Cite this page

Cite this pageAPA · BibTeX · Chicago · JSON

Civica. (2026). Civica Atlas — North Macedonia — vintage 2026-Q1: North Macedonia factbook. Civica Atlas. Retrieved May 7, 2026, from https://civicaatlas.org/factbook/north-macedonia

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Sources: FAO FAOSTAT, ILO ILOSTAT, IMF (WEO), UN Statistics Division, UNDP HDR, UNESCO Institute for Statistics, V-Dem, WHO Global Health Observatory, World Bank, WTO Stats, CIA World Factbook, Wikidata

North Macedonia

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Gordana Siljanovska-Davkova

Hristijan Mickoski

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Cite this page