Monaco
Monaco⌘K
Overview
- Background
- The Genoese built a fortress on the site of present-day Monaco in 1215. The current ruling GRIMALDI family first seized control in 1297 but was not able to permanently secure its holding until 1419. Economic development was spurred in the late 19th century with a railroad linkup to France and the opening of a casino. Since then, the principality's mild climate, coastal Mediterranean scenery, and gambling facilities have made Monaco world-famous as a tourist and recreation center.
Geography
Area
- Land
- 2 sq km
- Water
- 0 sq km
- Total
- 2 sq km
- Climate
- Mediterranean with mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers
- Terrain
- hilly, rugged, rocky
Land Use
- Other
- 100% (2022 est.)
- Forest
- 0% (2022 est.)
- Agricultural land
- 0% (2022 est.)
- Agricultural land: arable land
- arable land: 0% (2018 est.)
- Agricultural land: permanent crops
- permanent crops: 1% (2018 est.)
- Agricultural land: permanent pasture
- permanent pasture: 0% (2018 est.)
- Location
- Western Europe, bordering the Mediterranean Sea on the southern coast of France, near the border with Italy
- Coastline
- 4.1 km
Elevation
- Lowest point
- Mediterranean Sea 0 m
- Highest point
- Chemin des Revoires on Mont Agel 162 m
- Irrigated land
- 0 sq km (2022)
- Map references
- Europe
Land Boundaries
- Total
- 6 km
- Border countries
- France 6 km
Maritime Claims
- Territorial sea
- 12 nm
- Exclusive economic zone
- 12 nm
- Natural hazards
- none
- Geography note
- second-smallest independent state in the world (after the Holy See); smallest country with a coastline; almost entirely urban
- Natural resources
- none
- Area comparative
- about three times the size of the National Mall in Washington, D.C.
- Geographic coordinates
- 43 44 N, 7 24 E
- Population distribution
- the second most densely populated country in the world (after Macau); its entire population lives on 2 sq km (0.8 sq mi)
People & Society
Languages
- Languages
- French (official), English, Italian, Monegasque
- Major language sample(s)
The World Factbook, une source indispensable d'informations de base. (French)
The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
- Religions
- Roman Catholic 90% (official), other 10%
Sex Ratio
- At birth
- 1.04 male(s)/female
- 0 14 years
- 1.05 male(s)/female
- 15 64 years
- 1.02 male(s)/female
- Total population
- 0.93 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
- 65 years and over
- 0.8 male(s)/female
- Birth rate
- 6.46 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)
- Death rate
- 11.36 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Median Age
- Male
- 55 years
- Total
- 57.5 years (2025 est.)
- Female
- 58.4 years
Population
- Male
- 15,467
- Total
- 32,047 (2025 est.)
- Female
- 16,580
Nationality
- Noun
- Monegasque(s) or Monacan(s)
- Adjective
- Monegasque or Monacan
Urbanization
- Urban population
- 100% of total population (2023)
- Rate of urbanization
- 0.5% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Age Structure
- 0 14 years
- 9.1% (male 1,485/female 1,408)
- 15 64 years
- 53.8% (male 8,620/female 8,490)
- 65 years and over
- 37.1% (2024 est.) (male 5,261/female 6,549)
- Ethnic groups
- Monegasque 32.1%, French 19.9%, Italian 15.3%, British 5%, Belgian 2.3%, Swiss 2%, German 1.9%, Russian 1.8%, American 1.1%, Dutch 1.1%, Moroccan 1%, other 16.6% (2016 est.)
Dependency Ratios
- Total dependency ratio
- 88.7 (2025 est.)
- Youth dependency ratio
- 16.6 (2025 est.)
- Potential support ratio
- 1.4 (2025 est.)
- Elderly dependency ratio
- 72.1 (2025 est.)
- Physician density
- 8.61 physicians/1,000 population (2020)
Health Expenditure
- Health expenditure (as % of GDP)
- 3.7% of GDP (2021)
- Health expenditure (as % of national budget)
- 12% of national budget (2022 est.)
- Net migration rate
- 12.48 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)
- Total fertility rate
- 1.55 children born/woman (2025 est.)
Drinking Water Source
- Improved: total
- total: 100% of population (2022 est.)
- Improved: urban
- urban: 100% of population (2022 est.)
- Unimproved: total
- total: 0% of population (2022 est.)
- Unimproved: urban
- urban: 0% of population (2022 est.)
Education Expenditure
- Education expenditure (% GDP)
- 1.7% of GDP (2023 est.)
- Education expenditure (% national budget)
- 7.7% national budget (2023 est.)
Infant Mortality Rate
- Male
- 2 deaths/1,000 live births
- Total
- 1.7 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)
- Female
- 1.4 deaths/1,000 live births
- Population growth rate
- 0.76% (2025 est.)
- Gross reproduction rate
- 0.76 (2025 est.)
- Population distribution
- the second most densely populated country in the world (after Macau); its entire population lives on 2 sq km (0.8 sq mi)
Life Expectancy at Birth
- Male
- 86 years
- Female
- 93.7 years
- Total population
- 89.8 years (2024 est.)
- Maternal mortality ratio
- 5 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)
Sanitation Facility Access
- Improved: total
- total: 100% of population (2022 est.)
- Improved: urban
- urban: 100% of population (2022 est.)
- Unimproved: total
- total: 0% of population (2022 est.)
- Unimproved: urban
- urban: 0% of population (2022 est.)
- Major urban areas population
- 39,000 MONACO (capital) (2018)
School Life Expectancy (Primary to Tertiary Education)
- Male
- 20 years (2024 est.)
- Total
- 21 years (2024 est.)
- Female
- 22 years (2024 est.)
Government
Civica · structure
How power is organised
ExecutiveLegislative
- Flag
- description: two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white
history: uses the colors of the ruling House of Grimaldi; colors have been in use since 1339, making it one of the world's oldest national flags
Capital
- Name
- Monaco
- Etymology
- founded as a Greek colony in the 6th century B.C., the name's origin is unclear; it could derive from the Greek term monoikos (solitary), the Ligurian word monegu (rock), or the Basque word muno (mountain)
- Time difference
- UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
- Daylight saving time
- +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
- Geographic coordinates
- 43 44 N, 7 25 E
- Suffrage
- 18 years of age; universal
Citizenship
- Citizenship BY birth
- no
- Citizenship BY descent only
- the father must be a citizen of Monaco; in the case of a child born out of wedlock, the mother must be a citizen and father unknown
- Dual citizenship recognized
- no
- Residency requirement for naturalization
- 10 years
Constitution
- History
- previous 1911 (suspended 1959); latest adopted 17 December 1962
- Amendment process
- proposed by joint agreement of the chief of state (the prince) and the National Council; passage requires two-thirds majority vote of National Council members
Country Name
- Etymology
- founded as a Greek colony in the 6th century B.C., the name's origin is unclear; it could derive from the Greek term monoikos (solitary), the Ligurian word monegu (rock), or the Basque word muno (mountain)
- Local long form
- Principauté de Monaco
- Local short form
- Monaco
- Conventional long form
- Principality of Monaco
- Conventional short form
- Monaco
- Independence
- 1419 (beginning of permanent rule by the House of GRIMALDI)
- Legal system
- civil law system influenced by French legal tradition
- Government type
- constitutional monarchy
Judicial Branch
- Highest court(s)
- Supreme Court (consists of 5 permanent members and 2 substitutes)
- Subordinate courts
- Court of Appeal; Civil Court of First Instance
- Judge selection and term of office
- Supreme Court members appointed by the monarch upon the proposals of the National Council, State Council, Crown Council, Court of Appeal, and Trial Court
Executive Branch
- Cabinet
- Council of Government under the authority of the monarch
- Chief of state
- Prince ALBERT II (since 6 April 2005)
- Head of government
- Minister of State Christophe MIRMAND (since 21 July 2025)
- Election/appointment process
- the monarchy is hereditary; minister of state appointed by the monarch from a list of three French national candidates presented by the French Government
- National holiday
- National Day (Saint Rainier's Day), 19 November (1857)
- National color(s)
- red, white
- Political parties
- Monegasque National Union (includes Horizon Monaco, Primo!, Union Monegasque)
Horizon Monaco
Priorite Monaco or Primo!
Union Monegasque
Legislative Branch
- Term in office
- 5 years
- Number of seats
- 24 (all directly elected)
- Electoral system
- proportional representation
- Legislature name
- National Council (Conseil national)
- Scope of elections
- full renewal
- Legislative structure
- unicameral
- Most recent election date
- 2/5/2023
- Expected date of next election
- February 2028
- Percentage of women in chamber
- 45.8%
- Parties elected and seats per party
- Monegasque National Union - l’Union (24)
National Anthem(s)
- Title
- "A Marcia de Muneghu" (The March of Monaco)
- History
- music adopted 1867, lyrics adopted 1931; only the Monegasque lyrics are official; the French version is known as "Hymne Monegasque" (Monegasque Anthem); the words are usually only sung on official occasions
- Lyrics/music
- Louis NOTARI/Charles ALBRECHT
- National symbol(s)
- red and white lozenges (diamond shapes)
- Administrative divisions
- no first-order administrative divisions as defined by the US government, but 4 quarters (quartiers, singular - quartier); Fontvieille, La Condamine, Monaco-Ville, Monte-Carlo
Diplomatic Representation in the US
- Fax
- [1] (202) 244-7656
- Chancery
- 888 17th Street NW, Suite 500, Washington, DC 20006
- Telephone
- [1] (202) 234-1530
- Chief of mission
- Ambassador Maguy MACCARIO DOYLE (since 3 December 2013)
- Consulate(s) general
- New York
- Email address and website
info@monacodc.org
https://monacodc.org/index.html
Diplomatic Representation from the US
- Embassy
- US does not have an embassy in Monaco; the US Ambassador to France is accredited to Monaco; the US Consul General in Marseille (France), under the authority of the US Ambassador to France, handles diplomatic and consular matters concerning Monaco; +(33)(1) 43-12-22-22, enter zero "0" after the automated greeting; US Embassy Paris, 2 Avenue Gabriel, 75008 Paris, France
- International organisations
- CD, CE, FAO, IAEA, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IFRCS, IHO, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IPU, ITSO, ITU, OAS (observer), OIF, OPCW, OSCE, Schengen Convention (de facto member), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNWTO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
- International law organization participation
- has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt
Legislature
MONACO · LEGISLATURE
National Council
24 seats · hover a seat for the party
Total seats
24
Majority line
13
Largest party
Priorité Monaco
Parties
8
All political parties
Leaders
Current
Albert II, Prince of Monaco
- Head of State
Philippe Mettoux
- Head of Government
Economy
- Industries
- banking, insurance, tourism, construction, small-scale industrial and consumer products
Exchange Rates
- Note
- note: while not an EU member state, Monaco, due to its preexisting monetary and banking agreements with France, has a 1998 monetary agreement with the EU to produce limited euro coinage—but not banknotes—that began enforcement in January 2002 and superseded by a new EU agreement in 2012
- Currency
- euros (EUR) per US dollar -
- Exchange rates 2020
- 0.876 (2020 est.)
- Exchange rates 2021
- 0.845 (2021 est.)
- Exchange rates 2022
- 0.95 (2022 est.)
- Exchange rates 2023
- 0.925 (2023 est.)
- Exchange rates 2024
- 0.924 (2024 est.)
- Economic overview
- high-income European economy; non-EU euro user; considered a tax haven; tourism and banking are largest sectors; negatively impacted by COVID-19; major oceanographic museum; among most expensive real estate; major state-owned enterprises
- Exports partners
- Italy, Switzerland, Germany, Belgium, Spain
(2021) - Imports partners
- Italy, Switzerland, United Kingdom, Germany, China (2021)
Real GDP Per Capita
- Civica canonical (reconciled)
- $270,100 (2024 est.)
- Note
- note: data in 2015 dollars
- Real GDP per capita 2022
- $226,100 (2022 est.)
- Real GDP per capita 2023
- $256,600 (2023 est.)
- Real GDP per capita 2024
- $270,100 (2024 est.)
Real GDP Growth Rate
- Civica canonical (reconciled)
- 8.5%
- Note
- note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency
- Real GDP growth rate 2021
- 22.2% (2021 est.)
- Real GDP growth rate 2022
- 11% (2022 est.)
- Real GDP growth rate 2023
- 5% (2023 est.)
- Agricultural products
- none
- Exports commodities
- jewelry, perfumes, watches, packaged medicines, cars (2021)
- Imports commodities
- jewelry, cars and vehicle parts, recreational boats, plastic products, artwork (2021)
- GDP (official exchange rate)
- $10.434 billion (2024 est.)
Inflation Rate (Consumer Prices)
- Civica canonical (reconciled)
- 5.9% (2022 est.)
- Note
- note: annual % change based on consumer prices
- Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020
- 0.5% (2020 est.)
- Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021
- 2.1% (2021 est.)
- Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022
- 5.9% (2022 est.)
Real GDP (Purchasing Power Parity)
- Civica canonical (reconciled)
- $8.924 billion (2024 est.)
- Note
- note: data in 2015 dollars
- Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022
- $8.329 billion (2022 est.)
- Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023
- $8.749 billion (2023 est.)
- Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024
- $8.924 billion (2024 est.)
GDP Composition, BY Sector of Origin
- Note
- note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data
- Industry
- 11.5% (2023 est.)
- Services
- 88.5% (2023 est.)
Energy
Electricity Access
- Electrification total population
- 100% (2022 est.)
Communications
Internet Users
- Percent of population
- 99% (2023 est.)
- Broadcast media
- TV Monte-Carlo operates a TV network; cable TV available; Radio Monte-Carlo has extensive radio networks in France and Italy, with French-language broadcasts to France beginning in the 1960s and Italian-language broadcasts to Italy beginning in the 1970s; other radio stations include Riviera Radio and Radio Monaco
- Internet country code
- .mc
Telephones Fixed Lines
- Total subscriptions
- 43,000 (2023 est.)
- Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
- 111 (2023 est.)
Telephones Mobile Cellular
- Total subscriptions
- 41,500 (2024 est.)
- Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
- 107 (2024 est.)
Broadband Fixed Subscriptions
- Total
- 22,000 (2023 est.)
- Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
- 56 (2023 est.)
Transport
Ports
- Large
- 0
- Small
- 0
- Medium
- 0
- Key ports
- Monaco
- Very small
- 1
- Total ports
- 1 (2024)
- Ports with oil terminals
- 0
- Railways
- note: Monaco has a single railway station but does not operate its own train service; the French operator SNCF operates rail services in Monaco
- Heliports
- 3 (2025)
Merchant Marine
- Total
- 1
- Civil aircraft registration country code prefix
- 3A
Environment
- Climate
- Mediterranean with mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers
Land Use
- Other
- 100% (2022 est.)
- Forest
- 0% (2022 est.)
- Agricultural land
- 0% (2022 est.)
- Agricultural land: arable land
- arable land: 0% (2018 est.)
- Agricultural land: permanent crops
- permanent crops: 1% (2018 est.)
- Agricultural land: permanent pasture
- permanent pasture: 0% (2018 est.)
Urbanization
- Urban population
- 100% of total population (2023)
- Rate of urbanization
- 0.5% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Waste and Recycling
- Municipal solid waste generated annually
- 46,000 tons (2024 est.)
- Percent of municipal solid waste recycled
- 5.4% (2012 est.)
Total Water Withdrawal
- Municipal
- 10 million cubic meters (2020 est.)
- Industrial
- 0 cubic meters (2017 est.)
- Agricultural
- 0 cubic meters (2017 est.)
- Particulate matter emissions
- 9.2 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
International Environmental Agreements
- Party to
- Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling
- Signed, but not ratified
- none of the selected agreements
Military & Security
- Military note
- by treaty, France is responsible for defending the independence and sovereignty of Monaco
- Military and security forces
- no regular military forces; Prince’s Company of Carabiniers (Compagnie des Carabiniers du Prince, Police Department (Direction de la Sûreté Publique), Fire and Emergency Service (Corps des Sapeurs-pompiers de Monaco) (2025)
Transnational Issues
Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons
- Refugees
- 17 (2024 est.)
Scores & Rankings
ScoreValueGlobal rankTrendAs of
Civica Index75.0 / 100as of 2024-Q434 / 1902024-Q4
Freedom House StatusPartly Free (83/100)as of 2024-Q4—2024-Q4
Press Freedom (RSF)Partly free (50/100)as of 2024—2024
Cite this page
Cite this page
Civica. (2026). Civica Atlas — Monaco — vintage 2026-Q1: Monaco factbook. Civica Atlas. Retrieved May 7, 2026, from https://civicaatlas.org/factbook/monaco
Sources: UN Statistics Division, UNDP HDR, UNESCO Institute for Statistics, WHO Global Health Observatory, World Bank, CIA World Factbook, Wikidata