Marshall Islands
Marshall Islands⌘K
Overview
- Background
- Humans arrived in the Marshall Islands in the first millennium B.C. and gradually created permanent settlements on the various atolls. The early inhabitants were skilled navigators who frequently traveled between atolls using stick charts to map the islands. Society became organized under two paramount chiefs, one each for the Ratak (Sunrise) Chain and the Ralik (Sunset) Chain. Spain formally claimed the islands in 1592. Germany established a supply station on Jaluit Atoll and bought the islands from Spain in 1884, although paramount chiefs continued to rule.
Japan seized the Marshall Islands in 1914 and was granted a League of Nations Mandate to administer the islands in 1920. The US captured the islands in heavy fighting during World War II, and the islands came under US administration as part of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (TTPI) in 1947. Between 1946 and 1958, the US resettled populations from Bikini and Enewetak Atolls and conducted 67 nuclear tests; people from Ailinginae, Rongelap, and Utrik Atolls were also evacuated because of nuclear fallout, and Bikini and Rongelap remain largely uninhabited. In 1979, the Marshall Islands drafted a constitution separate from the rest of the TTPI and declared independence under President Amata KABUA, a paramount chief. In 2000, Kessai NOTE became the first commoner elected president. In 2016, Hilda HEINE was the first woman elected president.
Geography
Area
- Land
- 181 sq km
- Note
- note: the archipelago includes 11,673 sq km (4,507 sq mi) of lagoon and encompasses the atolls of Bikini, Enewetak, Kwajalein, Majuro, Rongelap, and Utirik
- Water
- 0 sq km
- Total
- 181 sq km
- Climate
- tropical; hot and humid; wet season May to November; islands border typhoon belt
- Terrain
- low coral limestone and sand islands
Land Use
- Other
- 7.2% (2023 est.)
- Forest
- 53.9% (2023 est.)
- Agricultural land
- 38.9% (2023 est.)
- Agricultural land: arable land
- arable land: 2.8% (2023 est.)
- Agricultural land: permanent crops
- permanent crops: 36.1% (2023 est.)
- Agricultural land: permanent pasture
- permanent pasture: 0% (2022 est.)
- Location
- Oceania, consists of 29 atolls and five isolated islands in the North Pacific Ocean, about halfway between Hawaii and Australia; the atolls and islands are situated in two, almost-parallel island chains - the Ratak (Sunrise) group and the Ralik (Sunset) group; the total number of islands and islets is about 1,225; 22 of the atolls and four of the islands are uninhabited
- Coastline
- 370.4 km
Elevation
- Lowest point
- Pacific Ocean 0 m
- Highest point
- East-central Airik Island, Maloelap Atoll 14 m
- Mean elevation
- 2 m
- Irrigated land
- 0 sq km (2022)
- Map references
- Oceania
Land Boundaries
- Total
- 0 km
Maritime Claims
- Contiguous zone
- 24 nm
- Territorial sea
- 12 nm
- Exclusive economic zone
- 200 nm
- Natural hazards
- infrequent typhoons
- Geography note
- Kwajalein atoll surrounds the world's largest lagoon; the island city of Ebeye is the second largest settlement in the Marshall Islands, after the capital of Majuro, and one of the most densely populated locations in the Pacific
- Natural resources
- coconut products, marine products, deep seabed minerals
- Area comparative
- about the size of Washington, D.C.
- Geographic coordinates
- 9 00 N, 168 00 E
- Population distribution
- most people live in urban clusters on many of the country's islands; more than two thirds of the population lives on the atolls of Majuro and Ebeye
People & Society
Literacy
- Male
- 95.7% (2021 est.)
- Female
- 96.4% (2021 est.)
- Total population
- 95.8% (2021 est.)
Languages
- Note
- note: English (official), widely spoken as a second language
- Languages
- Marshallese (official) 98.2%, other languages 1.8% (1999)
- Major language sample(s)
Bok eo an Lalin kin Melele ko Rejimwe ej jikin ebōk melele ko raurōk. (Marshallese)
The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
- Religions
- Protestant 79.3% (United Church of Christ 47.9%, Assembly of God 14.1%, Full Gospel 5%, Bukot Nan Jesus 3%, Salvation Army 2.3%, Reformed Congressional Church 2.2%, Seventh Day Adventist 1.7%, New Beginning Church 1.4%, other Protestant 1.6%), Roman Catholic 9.3%, Church of Jesus Christ 5.7%, Jehovah's Witness 1.3%, other 3.3%, none 1.1% (2021 est.)
Sex Ratio
- At birth
- 1.05 male(s)/female
- 0 14 years
- 1.04 male(s)/female
- 15 64 years
- 1.03 male(s)/female
- Total population
- 1.03 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
- 65 years and over
- 0.95 male(s)/female
- Birth rate
- 20.81 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)
- Death rate
- 4.37 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Median Age
- Male
- 25.4 years
- Total
- 25.9 years (2025 est.)
- Female
- 25.6 years
Population
- Male
- 41,581
- Total
- 82,011 (2024 est.)
- Female
- 40,430
Nationality
- Noun
- Marshallese (singular and plural)
- Adjective
- Marshallese
Tobacco Use
- Male
- 52.9% (2025 est.)
- Total
- 30.9% (2025 est.)
- Female
- 8.5% (2025 est.)
Urbanization
- Urban population
- 78.9% of total population (2023)
- Rate of urbanization
- 0.61% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Age Structure
- 0 14 years
- 30% (male 12,538/female 12,072)
- 15 64 years
- 64.3% (male 26,750/female 25,944)
- 65 years and over
- 5.7% (2024 est.) (male 2,293/female 2,414)
- Ethnic groups
- Marshallese 95.6%, Filipino 1.1%, other 3.3% (2021 est.)
Dependency Ratios
- Total dependency ratio
- 55.6 (2024 est.)
- Youth dependency ratio
- 46.7 (2024 est.)
- Potential support ratio
- 11.2 (2024 est.)
- Elderly dependency ratio
- 8.9 (2024 est.)
- Physician density
- 0.47 physicians/1,000 population (2012)
Health Expenditure
- Health expenditure (as % of GDP)
- 12.5% of GDP (2021)
- Health expenditure (as % of national budget)
- 6.7% of national budget (2022 est.)
- Net migration rate
- -4.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)
- Total fertility rate
- 2.62 children born/woman (2025 est.)
Drinking Water Source
- Improved: rural
- rural: 87.2% of population (2022 est.)
- Improved: total
- total: 85.1% of population (2022 est.)
- Improved: urban
- urban: 84.5% of population (2022 est.)
- Unimproved: rural
- rural: 12.8% of population (2022 est.)
- Unimproved: total
- total: 14.9% of population (2022 est.)
- Unimproved: urban
- urban: 15.5% of population (2022 est.)
Education Expenditure
- Education expenditure (% GDP)
- 7.7% of GDP (2022 est.)
- Education expenditure (% national budget)
- 11.3% national budget (2022 est.)
Infant Mortality Rate
- Male
- 24 deaths/1,000 live births
- Total
- 20.1 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)
- Female
- 17.1 deaths/1,000 live births
- Population growth rate
- 1.22% (2025 est.)
- Gross reproduction rate
- 1.28 (2025 est.)
- Population distribution
- most people live in urban clusters on many of the country's islands; more than two thirds of the population lives on the atolls of Majuro and Ebeye
Life Expectancy at Birth
- Male
- 73 years
- Female
- 77.5 years
- Total population
- 75.2 years (2024 est.)
- Maternal mortality ratio
- 155 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)
Sanitation Facility Access
- Improved: rural
- rural: 70.4% of population (2022 est.)
- Improved: total
- total: 88% of population (2022 est.)
- Improved: urban
- urban: 92.8% of population (2022 est.)
- Unimproved: rural
- rural: 29.6% of population (2022 est.)
- Unimproved: total
- total: 12% of population (2022 est.)
- Unimproved: urban
- urban: 7.2% of population (2022 est.)
- Major urban areas population
- 31,000 MAJURO (capital) (2018)
- Obesity adult prevalence rate
- 52.9% (2016)
- Currently married women (ages 15 49)
- 68.3% (2022 est.)
- Children under the age of 5 years underweight
- 11.9% (2017 est.)
School Life Expectancy (Primary to Tertiary Education)
- Male
- 14 years (2022 est.)
- Total
- 14 years (2022 est.)
- Female
- 15 years (2022 est.)
Government
Civica · structure
How power is organised
ExecutiveLegislative
- Flag
- description: blue with an orange stripe and a white stripe radiating from the lower-left corner to the upper-right corner; a white star with four large rays and 20 small rays appears on the left side above the two stripes
meaning: blue stands for the Pacific Ocean, orange for the Ralik Chain (or sunset and courage), and white for the Ratak Chain (or sunrise and peace); the star symbolizes the Christian cross, with a small ray for each electoral district and a larger ray for the principal cultural centers of Majuro, Jaluit, Wotje, and Ebeye; the diagonal stripes can also be interpreted as representing the equator, with the star showing the archipelago's position
Capital
- Name
- Majuro
- Note
- note: the capital is an atoll of 64 islands; governmental buildings are housed on three fused islands on the eastern side of the atoll: Djarrit, Uliga, and Delap
- Etymology
- Majuro means "two openings" or "two eyes" and refers to the two major passages through the atoll into the Majuro lagoon
- Time difference
- UTC+12 (17 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
- Geographic coordinates
- 7 06 N, 171 23 E
- Suffrage
- 18 years of age; universal
Citizenship
- Citizenship BY birth
- no
- Citizenship BY descent only
- at least one parent must be a citizen of the Marshall Islands
- Dual citizenship recognized
- no
- Residency requirement for naturalization
- 5 years
Constitution
- History
- effective 1 May 1979
- Amendment process
- proposed by the National Parliament or by a constitutional convention; passage by Parliament requires at least two-thirds majority vote of the total membership in each of two readings and approval by a majority of votes in a referendum; amendments submitted by a constitutional convention require approval of at least two thirds of votes in a referendum
Country Name
- Former
- Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, Marshall Islands District
- Etymology
- named after British Captain John MARSHALL, who charted many of the islands in 1788
- Abbreviation
- RMI
- Local long form
- Republic of the Marshall Islands
- Local short form
- Marshall Islands
- Conventional long form
- Republic of the Marshall Islands
- Conventional short form
- Marshall Islands
- Independence
- 21 October 1986 (from the US-administered UN trusteeship)
- Legal system
- mixed system of US and English common law, customary law, and local statutes
- Government type
- mixed presidential-parliamentary system in free association with the US
Judicial Branch
- Highest court(s)
- Supreme Court (consists of the chief justice and 2 associate justices)
- Subordinate courts
- High Court; District Courts; Traditional Rights Court; Community Courts
- Judge selection and term of office
- judges appointed by the Cabinet on the recommendation of the Judicial Service Commission (consists of the chief justice of the High Court, the attorney general and a private citizen selected by the Cabinet) and upon approval of the Nitijela; the current chief justice, appointed in 2013, serves for 10 years; Marshallese citizens appointed as justices serve until retirement at age 72
Executive Branch
- Note
- note: the president is both chief of state and head of government
- Cabinet
- Cabinet nominated by the president from among members of the Nitijela, appointed by Nitijela speaker
- Chief of state
- President Hilda C. HEINE (since 3 January 2023)
- Election results
2023: Hilda C. HEINE elected president; National Parliament vote - Hilda C. HEINE (independent) 17, David KABUA (independent) 16
2020: David KABUA elected president; National Parliament vote - David KABUA (independent) 20, Hilda C. HEINE (independent) 12- Head of government
- President Hilda C. HEINE (since 3 January 2023)
- Most recent election date
- 2 January 2023
- Election/appointment process
- president indirectly elected by the Nitijela from among its members for a 4-year term (no term limits)
- Expected date of next election
- 2027
- National holiday
- Constitution Day, 1 May (1979)
- National color(s)
- blue, white, orange
National Heritage
- Total world heritage sites
- 1 (cultural)
- Selected world heritage site locales
- Bikini Atoll Nuclear Test Site
- Political parties
- traditionally there have been no formally organized political parties; what has existed more closely resembles factions or interest groups because they do not have party headquarters, formal platforms, or party structures
Legislative Branch
- Note
- note: the Council of Iroij is a 12-member consultative group of tribal leaders that advises the Presidential Cabinet and reviews legislation affecting customary law or any traditional practice
- Term in office
- 4 years
- Number of seats
- 33 (all directly elected)
- Electoral system
- plurality/majority
- Legislature name
- Parliament (Nitijela)
- Scope of elections
- full renewal
- Legislative structure
- unicameral
- Most recent election date
- 11/20/2023
- Expected date of next election
- November 2027
- Percentage of women in chamber
- 12.1%
National Anthem(s)
- Title
- "Forever Marshall Islands"
- History
- adopted 1981; words and music written by the first president of the Marshall Islands
- Lyrics/music
- Amata KABUA
- National symbol(s)
- a 24-rayed star
- Administrative divisions
- 24 municipalities; Ailinglaplap, Ailuk, Arno, Aur, Bikini & Kili, Ebon, Enewetak & Ujelang, Jabat, Jaluit, Kwajalein, Lae, Lib, Likiep, Majuro, Maloelap, Mejit, Mili, Namorik, Namu, Rongelap, Ujae, Utrik, Wotho, Wotje
Diplomatic Representation in the US
- Fax
- [1] (202) 232-3236
- Chancery
- 2433 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
- Telephone
- [1] (202) 234-5414
- Chief of mission
- Ambassador Charles Rudolph PAUL (since 27 February 2024)
- Consulate(s) general
- Honolulu, Springdale (AR)
- Email address and website
info@rmiembassyus.org
Diplomatic Representation from the US
- Fax
- [692] 247-4012
- Embassy
- Mejen Weto, Ocean Side, Majuro
- Telephone
- [692] 247-4011
- Mailing address
- 4380 Majuro Place, Washington DC 20521-4380
- Chief of mission
- Ambassador Laura M. STONE (since 12 July 2024)
- Email address and website
MAJConsular@state.gov
https://mh.usembassy.gov/
- International organisations
- ACP, ADB, AOSIS, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ITU, OPCW, PIF, Sparteca, SPC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHRC, WHO
- International law organization participation
- accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
Legislature
MARSHALL ISLANDS · LEGISLATURE
Parliament
33 seats · hover a seat for the party
Total seats
33
Majority line
18
Largest party
—
Parties
—
Leaders
Current
Hilda Heine
- Head of State
- Head of Government
Economy
Budget
- Note
- note: central government revenues and expenses (excluding grants/extrabudgetary units/social security funds) converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated
- Revenues
- $171.267 million (2020 est.)
- Expenditures
- $159.095 million (2020 est.)
Exports
- Civica canonical (reconciled)
- $122.0M
- Note
- note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
- Exports 2019
- $91.394 million (2019 est.)
- Exports 2020
- $88.042 million (2020 est.)
- Exports 2021
- $130.016 million (2021 est.)
Imports
- Civica canonical (reconciled)
- $237.1M
- Note
- note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
- Imports 2019
- $129.682 million (2019 est.)
- Imports 2020
- $132.845 million (2020 est.)
- Imports 2021
- $206.025 million (2021 est.)
- Industries
- copra, tuna processing, tourism, craft items (from seashells, wood, and pearls)
Public Debt
- Civica canonical (reconciled)
- 41.6%
- Note
- note: central government debt as a % of GDP
- Public debt 2019
- 41.6% of GDP (2019 est.)
Remittances
- Note
- note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities
- Remittances 2021
- 13.3% of GDP (2021 est.)
- Remittances 2022
- 13.6% of GDP (2022 est.)
- Remittances 2023
- 13.3% of GDP (2023 est.)
- Exchange rates
- the US dollar is used
- Economic overview
- upper middle-income Pacific island economy; US aid reliance; large public sector; coconut oil production as diesel fuel substitute; growing offshore banking locale; fishing rights seller; import-dependent
- Exports partners
- UK 16%, Germany 13%, Denmark 10%, Ghana 9%, Cyprus 9% (2023)
- Imports partners
- China 47%, Japan 15%, Germany 5%, Brazil 4%, Cyprus 4% (2023)
Real GDP Per Capita
- Civica canonical (reconciled)
- $8,195
- Note
- note: data in 2021 dollars
- Real GDP per capita 2022
- $6,800 (2022 est.)
- Real GDP per capita 2023
- $6,800 (2023 est.)
- Real GDP per capita 2024
- $7,200 (2024 est.)
Real GDP Growth Rate
- Civica canonical (reconciled)
- 2.5%
- Note
- note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency
- Real GDP growth rate 2022
- -1.1% (2022 est.)
- Real GDP growth rate 2023
- -3.9% (2023 est.)
- Real GDP growth rate 2024
- 2.8% (2024 est.)
- Agricultural products
- coconuts (2023)
- Exports commodities
- ships, refined petroleum, fish, natural gas, stone processing machines (2023)
- Imports commodities
- ships, refined petroleum, additive manufacturing machines, iron structures, crude petroleum (2023)
Current Account Balance
- Civica canonical (reconciled)
- $62.3M
- Note
- note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars
- Current account balance 2019
- $86.133 million (2019 est.)
- Current account balance 2020
- $90.281 million (2020 est.)
- Current account balance 2021
- $76.263 million (2021 est.)
- Taxes and other revenues
- 17.2% (of GDP) (2020 est.)
- GDP (official exchange rate)
- $280.358 million (2024 est.)
GDP Composition, BY End Use
- Note
- note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection
- Household consumption
- 70.7% (2023 est.)
- Government consumption
- 53.5% (2023 est.)
- Investment in inventories
- -0.5% (2023 est.)
- Investment in fixed capital
- 20.2% (2023 est.)
- Exports of goods and services
- 38.9% (2023 est.)
- Imports of goods and services
- -71.2% (2023 est.)
- Population below poverty line
- 7.2% (2019 est.)
Inflation Rate (Consumer Prices)
- Civica canonical (reconciled)
- 6.2% (2022 est.)
- Note
- note: annual % change based on consumer prices
- Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020
- -0.7% (2020 est.)
- Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021
- 2.6% (2021 est.)
- Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022
- 6.2% (2022 est.)
- Industrial production growth rate
- -2.8% (2023 est.)
Real GDP (Purchasing Power Parity)
- Civica canonical (reconciled)
- $270.809 million (2024 est.)
- Note
- note: data in 2021 dollars
- Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022
- $274.3 million (2022 est.)
- Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023
- $263.507 million (2023 est.)
- Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024
- $270.809 million (2024 est.)
GDP Composition, BY Sector of Origin
- Note
- note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data
- Industry
- 11.1% (2023 est.)
- Services
- 70.5% (2023 est.)
- Agriculture
- 19.5% (2023 est.)
Household Income or Consumption BY Percentage Share
- Note
- note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population
- Lowest 10%
- 2.8% (2019 est.)
- Highest 10%
- 27.5% (2019 est.)
Gini Index Coefficient Distribution of Family Income
- Note
- note: index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality
- Gini index coefficient distribution of family income 2019
- 35.5 (2019 est.)
Energy
Electricity Access
- Electrification rural areas
- 100%
- Electrification urban areas
- 96.1%
- Electrification total population
- 100% (2022 est.)
Communications
Internet Users
- Percent of population
- 66% (2023 est.)
- Broadcast media
- no TV broadcast station; a cable network is available on Majuro with programming via videotape replay and satellite relays; 4 radio broadcast stations; US Armed Forces Radio and Television Service (AFRTS) provides satellite radio and TV service to Kwajalein Atoll (2019)
- Internet country code
- .mh
Telephones Fixed Lines
- Total subscriptions
- 2,000 (2014 est.)
- Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
- 5 (2022 est.)
Telephones Mobile Cellular
- Total subscriptions
- 16,000 (2021 est.)
- Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
- 38 (2021 est.)
Broadband Fixed Subscriptions
- Total
- 1,000 (2022 est.)
- Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
- 2 (2022 est.)
Transport
Ports
- Large
- 0
- Small
- 0
- Medium
- 0
- Key ports
- Enitwetak Island, Kwajalein, Majuro Atoll
- Very small
- 3
- Total ports
- 3 (2024)
- Ports with oil terminals
- 2
- Airports
- 33 (2025)
Merchant Marine
- Total
- 4,180 (2023)
- BY type
- bulk carrier 1,939, container ship 277, general cargo 66, oil tanker 1039, other 859
- Civil aircraft registration country code prefix
- V7
Environment
- Climate
- tropical; hot and humid; wet season May to November; islands border typhoon belt
Land Use
- Other
- 7.2% (2023 est.)
- Forest
- 53.9% (2023 est.)
- Agricultural land
- 38.9% (2023 est.)
- Agricultural land: arable land
- arable land: 2.8% (2023 est.)
- Agricultural land: permanent crops
- permanent crops: 36.1% (2023 est.)
- Agricultural land: permanent pasture
- permanent pasture: 0% (2022 est.)
Urbanization
- Urban population
- 78.9% of total population (2023)
- Rate of urbanization
- 0.61% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Waste and Recycling
- Municipal solid waste generated annually
- 8,600 tons (2024 est.)
- Percent of municipal solid waste recycled
- 39.7% (2022 est.)
- Environmental issues
- inadequate potable water; pollution of Majuro lagoon from household waste and discharges from fishing vessels; sea-level rise
- Carbon dioxide emissions
- 293,700 metric tonnes of CO2 (2017 est.)
- Particulate matter emissions
- 7.2 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
International Environmental Agreements
- Party to
- Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling
- Signed, but not ratified
- none of the selected agreements
Military & Security
- Military note
- defense is the responsibility of the US; in 1982, the Marshall Islands signed a Compact of Free Association (COFA) with the US, which granted the Marshall Islands financial assistance and access to many US domestic programs in exchange for exclusive US military access and defense responsibilities; the COFA entered into force in 1986; the Marshall Islands hosts a US Army missile test site
the Marshall Islands has a "shiprider" agreement with the US, which allows local maritime law enforcement officers to embark on US Coast Guard (USCG) and US Navy (USN) vessels, including to board and search vessels suspected of violating laws or regulations within its designated exclusive economic zone (EEZ) or on the high seas; "shiprider" agreements also enable USCG personnel and USN vessels with embarked USCG law enforcement personnel to work with host nations to protect critical regional resources (2025) - Military and security forces
- Marshall Islands Police Department (includes a Sea Patrol Division)
Transnational Issues
Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons
- Idps
- 35 (2024 est.)
Scores & Rankings
ScoreValueGlobal rankTrendAs of
Civica Index77.0 / 100as of 2024-Q429 / 1902024-Q4
Freedom House StatusFree (100/100)as of 2024-Q4—2024-Q4
Press Freedom (RSF)Partly free (50/100)as of 2024—2024
Cite this page
Cite this page
Civica. (2026). Civica Atlas — Marshall Islands — vintage 2026-Q1: Marshall Islands factbook. Civica Atlas. Retrieved May 7, 2026, from https://civicaatlas.org/factbook/marshall-islands
Sources: FAO FAOSTAT, IMF (WEO), UN Statistics Division, UNDP HDR, UNESCO Institute for Statistics, WHO Global Health Observatory, World Bank, WTO Stats, CIA World Factbook, Wikidata