Luxembourg

Constitutional MonarchyPop677KGDP (PPP)$86.9BCI85Beta CP0.0→Beta

Some figures reconciled across multiple sources via Civica's methodology (v0.2 BETA). Methodology →

Luxembourg

⌘K

Overview

Background: Founded in 963, Luxembourg became a grand duchy in 1815 and a constituent part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands after the Congress of Vienna. When Belgium declared independence from the Netherlands in 1839, Luxembourg lost more than half of its territory to Belgium but gained a larger measure of autonomy within the Kingdom of the Netherlands.  Luxembourg gained full independence in 1867 by promising to remain permanently neutral. Overrun by Germany in both world wars, its neutrality ended in 1948 when it entered into the Benelux Customs Union and joined NATO the following year. In 1957, Luxembourg became one of the six founding countries of the EEC (later the EU), and in 1999 it joined the euro currency zone.

Geography

Area

Land: 2,586 sq km
Water: 0 sq km
Total: 2,586 sq km

Climate: modified continental with mild winters, cool summers
Terrain: mostly gently rolling uplands with broad, shallow valleys; uplands to slightly mountainous in the north; steep slope down to Moselle flood plain in the southeast

Land Use

Other: 13.9% (2023 est.)
Forest: 34.5% (2023 est.)
Agricultural land: 51.7% (2023 est.)
Agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 23.8% (2023 est.)
Agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 0.6% (2023 est.)
Agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 27.1% (2023 est.)

Location: Western Europe, between France and Germany
Coastline: 0 km (landlocked)

Elevation

Lowest point: Moselle River 133 m
Highest point: Buurgplaatz 559 m
Mean elevation: 325 m

Irrigated land: 0 sq km (2012)
Map references: Europe

Land Boundaries

Total: 327 km
Border countries: Belgium 130 km; France 69 km; Germany 128 km

Maritime claims: none (landlocked)
Natural hazards: occasional flooding
Geography note: landlocked
Natural resources: iron ore (no longer exploited), arable land
Area comparative: slightly smaller than Rhode Island; about half the size of Delaware
Geographic coordinates: 49 45 N, 6 10 E
Population distribution: most people live in the south, on or near the border with France

Major Watersheds (Area Sq Km)

Atlantic ocean drainage: Rhine-Maas (198,735 sq km)

People & Society

Languages: Luxembourgish (official administrative, judicial, and national language) 48.9%, Portuguese 15.4%, French (official administrative, judicial, and legislative language) 14.9%, Italian 3.6%, English 3.6%, German (official administrative and judicial language) 2.9%, other 10.8% (2021 est.)
Religions: Christian (predominantly Roman Catholic) 70.6%, Muslim 2.3%, other (includes Buddhist, folk religions, Hindu, Jewish) 0.4%, unaffiliated 26.7% (2020 est.)

Sex Ratio

At birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
0 14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15 64 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
Total population: 1.02 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
65 years and over: 0.85 male(s)/female

Birth rate: 9.24 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Death rate: 6.66 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Median Age

Male: 39.4 years
Total: 40.1 years (2025 est.)
Female: 40.4 years

Population

Male: 338,702
Total: 671,254 (2024 est.)
Female: 332,552

Nationality

Noun: Luxembourger(s)
Adjective: Luxembourg

Tobacco Use

Male: 22.1% (2025 est.)
Total: 21% (2025 est.)
Female: 19.9% (2025 est.)

Urbanization

Urban population: 92.1% of total population (2023)
Rate of urbanization: 1.43% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Age Structure

0 14 years: 16.7% (male 57,921/female 54,484)
15 64 years: 67.1% (male 231,214/female 219,497)
65 years and over: 16.1% (2024 est.) (male 49,567/female 58,571)

Ethnic groups: Luxembourger 52.9%, Portuguese 14.5%, French 7.6%, Italian 3.7%, Belgian 3%, German 2%, Spanish 1.3%, Romania 1%, other 14% (2022 est.)

Dependency Ratios

Total dependency ratio: 46.6 (2024 est.)
Youth dependency ratio: 23.2 (2024 est.)
Potential support ratio: 4.3 (2024 est.)
Elderly dependency ratio: 23.4 (2024 est.)

Physician density: 2.98 physicians/1,000 population (2017)

Health Expenditure

Health expenditure (as % of GDP): 5.5% of GDP (2022)
Health expenditure (as % of national budget): 11% of national budget (2022 est.)

Net migration rate: 10.06 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Hospital bed density: 4.2 beds/1,000 population (2021 est.)
Total fertility rate: 1.25 children born/woman (2025 est.)

Drinking Water Source

Improved: rural: rural: 98.6% of population (2022 est.)
Improved: total: total: 99.9% of population (2022 est.)
Improved: urban: urban: 100% of population (2022 est.)
Unimproved: rural: rural: 1.4% of population (2022 est.)
Unimproved: total: total: 0.1% of population (2022 est.)
Unimproved: urban: urban: 0% of population (2022 est.)

Education Expenditure

Education expenditure (% GDP): 3.7% of GDP (2022 est.)
Education expenditure (% national budget): 8.5% national budget (2022 est.)

Infant Mortality Rate

Male: 3.6 deaths/1,000 live births
Total: 3.1 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)
Female: 2.8 deaths/1,000 live births

Population growth rate: 1.26% (2025 est.)
Gross reproduction rate: 0.62 (2025 est.)
Population distribution: most people live in the south, on or near the border with France

Life Expectancy at Birth

Male: 80.9 years
Female: 85.9 years
Total population: 83.4 years (2024 est.)

Maternal mortality ratio: 12 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)

Sanitation Facility Access

Improved: rural: rural: 99.9% of population (2022 est.)
Improved: total: total: 100% of population (2022 est.)
Improved: urban: urban: 100% of population (2022 est.)
Unimproved: rural: rural: 0.1% of population (2022 est.)
Unimproved: total: total: 0% of population (2022 est.)
Unimproved: urban: urban: 0% of population (2022 est.)

Alcohol Consumption Per Capita

Beer: 4.04 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Wine: 4.73 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Total: 11 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Spirits: 2.14 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Other alcohols: 0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Major urban areas population: 120,000 LUXEMBOURG (capital) (2018)
Obesity adult prevalence rate: 22.6% (2016)
Mother's mean age at first birth: 31 years (2020 est.)
Currently married women (ages 15 49): 51.1% (2022 est.)

School Life Expectancy (Primary to Tertiary Education)

Male: 14 years (2022 est.)
Total: 14 years (2022 est.)
Female: 15 years (2022 est.)

Government

Civica · structure

How power is organised

ExecutiveLegislative

Flag: description: three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and light blue

history: the colors are derived from the Grand Duke's coat of arms

Capital

Name: Luxembourg
Etymology: probably derived from an early Celtic or Germanic form of the name, Lucilinburhuc, that was thought to mean "little fortress;" the name first referred to the city and was later used for the country
Time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
Geographic coordinates: 49 36 N, 6 07 E

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal and compulsory

Citizenship

Citizenship BY birth: limited to situations where the parents are either unknown, stateless, or when the nationality law of the parents' state of origin does not permit acquisition of citizenship by descent when the birth occurs outside of national territory
Citizenship BY descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Luxembourg
Dual citizenship recognized: yes
Residency requirement for naturalization: 7 years

Constitution

History: previous 1842 (heavily amended 1848, 1856); latest effective 17 October 1868
Amendment process: proposed by the Chamber of Deputies or by the monarch to the Chamber; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote by the Chamber in two successive readings three months apart; a referendum can be substituted for the second reading if approved by more than a quarter of the Chamber members or by 25,000 valid voters; adoption by referendum requires a majority of all valid voters

Country Name

Etymology: probably derived from an early Celtic or Germanic form of the name, Lucilinburhuc, that was thought to mean "little fortress;" the name first referred to the city and was later used for the country
Local long form: Grand Duché de Luxembourg
Local short form: Luxembourg
Conventional long form: Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
Conventional short form: Luxembourg

Independence: 1839 (from the Netherlands)
Legal system: civil law system
Government type: constitutional monarchy

Judicial Branch

Highest court(s): Supreme Court of Justice includes Court of Appeal and Court of Cassation (consists of 27 judges on 9 benches); Constitutional Court (consists of 9 members)
Subordinate courts: Court of Accounts; district and local tribunals and courts
Judge selection and term of office: judges of both courts appointed by the monarch for life

Executive Branch

Cabinet: Council of Ministers recommended by the prime minister, appointed by the monarch
Chief of state: Grand Duke GUILLAUME (since 3 October 2025)
Head of government: Prime Minister Luc FRIEDEN (since 17 November 2023)
Election/appointment process: the monarchy is hereditary; following elections to the Chamber of Deputies, monarch usually appoints the leader of the majority party or majority coalition as prime minister; deputy prime minister also appointed by the monarch; prime minister and deputy prime minister are responsible to the Chamber of Deputies

National holiday: National Day (birthday of Grand Duke HENRI), 23 June
National color(s): red, white, light blue

National Heritage

Total world heritage sites: 1 (cultural)
Selected world heritage site locales: Luxembourg City Old Quarters and Fortifications

Political parties: Alternative Democratic Reform Party or ADR
Christian Social People's Party or CSV
Democratic Party or DP
Green Party
Luxembourg Socialist Workers' Party or LSAP
Pirate Party
The Left (dei Lenk/la Gauche)

Legislative Branch

Note: note: a 21-member Council of State is appointed by the Grand Duke on the advice of the prime minister and serves as an advisory body to the Chamber of Deputies
Term in office: 5 years
Number of seats: 60 (all directly elected)
Electoral system: proportional representation
Legislature name: Chamber of Deputies (Chambre des députés)
Scope of elections: full renewal
Legislative structure: unicameral
Most recent election date: 10/8/2023
Expected date of next election: October 2028
Percentage of women in chamber: 35%
Parties elected and seats per party: Christian Social People's Party (CSV) (21); Democratic Party (PD/DP) (14); Socialist Workers' Party (POSL/LSAP) (11); Alternative Democratic Reform Party (ADR) (5); Greens (DEI GRÉNG) (4); Pirate Party (PIRATEN) (3); Other (2)

National Anthem(s)

Title: “De Wilhelmus” (The William)
History: adopted 1919; royal anthem, for use when members of the grand ducal family enter or exit a ceremony in Luxembourg
Lyrics/music: Nikolaus WELTER

National symbol(s): red rampant lion
Administrative divisions: 12 cantons; Capellen, Clervaux, Diekirch, Echternach, Esch-sur-Alzette, Grevenmacher, Luxembourg, Mersch, Redange, Remich, Vianden, Wiltz

Diplomatic Representation in the US

Fax: [1] (202) 328-8270
Chancery: 2200 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
Telephone: [1] (202) 265-4171
Chief of mission: Ambassador Nicole BINTNER-BAKSHIAN (since 15 August 2021)
Consulate(s) general: New York, San Francisco
Email address and website: washington.amb@mae.etat.lu

https://washington.mae.lu/en.html

Diplomatic Representation from the US

Fax: [352] 46-14-01
Embassy: 22 Boulevard Emmanuel Servais, L-2535 Luxembourg City
Telephone: [352] 46-01-23-00
Mailing address: 5380 Luxembourg Place, Washington DC  20521-5380
Chief of mission: Ambassador Stacey FEINBERG (since 13 November 2025)
Email address and website: Luxembourgconsular@state.gov

https://lu.usembassy.gov/

International organisations: ADB (nonregional member), Australia Group, Benelux, BIS, CD, CE, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, FATF, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, Schengen Convention, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNHRC, UNIDO, UNOOSA, UNRWA, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
International law organization participation: accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

Legislature

LUXEMBOURG · LEGISLATURE

Chamber of Deputies

60 seats · hover a seat for the party

Total seats

Majority line

Largest party

Christian Social People's Party

Parties

All political parties9 parties · 60 seats · click to dim in hemicycle

Leaders

Current

GL
Guillaume V, Grand Duke of Luxembourg
- Head of StateSince 2025
ÉR
Émile Reuter
- Head of GovernmentDate unknown

Economy

Budget

Note: note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenditures converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated
Revenues: $37.951 billion (2023 est.)
Expenditures: $38.263 billion (2023 est.)

Exports

Civica canonical (reconciled): $178.7B

Note: note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Exports 2022: $184.53 billion (2022 est.)
Exports 2023: $195.294 billion (2023 est.)
Exports 2024: $202.203 billion (2024 est.)

Imports

Civica canonical (reconciled): $149.0B

Note: note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Imports 2022: $149.751 billion (2022 est.)
Imports 2023: $156.818 billion (2023 est.)
Imports 2024: $160.032 billion (2024 est.)

Industries: banking and financial services, construction, real estate services, iron, metals, and steel, information technology, telecommunications, cargo transportation and logistics, chemicals, engineering, tires, glass, aluminum, tourism, biotechnology
Labor force: 350,000 (2024 est.)

Public Debt

Civica canonical (reconciled): 26.5%

Note: note: data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions
Public debt 2017: 23% of GDP (2017 est.)

Remittances

Note: note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities
Remittances 2022: 2.8% of GDP (2022 est.)
Remittances 2023: 2.8% of GDP (2023 est.)
Remittances 2024: 2.6% of GDP (2024 est.)

Exchange Rates

Currency: euros (EUR) per US dollar -
Exchange rates 2020: 0.876 (2020 est.)
Exchange rates 2021: 0.845 (2021 est.)
Exchange rates 2022: 0.95 (2022 est.)
Exchange rates 2023: 0.925 (2023 est.)
Exchange rates 2024: 0.924 (2024 est.)

Economic overview: high-income EU and eurozone economy; global, highly capitalized banking sector; one of highest GDP-per-capita countries; strengthened domestic demand and lower interest rates contributing to economic growth; challenges include pension-system sustainability, labor-market dynamics, and energy price volatility

Unemployment Rate

Civica canonical (reconciled): 6.3%

Note: note: % of labor force seeking employment
Unemployment rate 2022: 4.6% (2022 est.)
Unemployment rate 2023: 5.2% (2023 est.)
Unemployment rate 2024: 6% (2024 est.)

Exports partners: Germany 18%, France 15%, Belgium 8%, Netherlands 7%, Italy 6% (2023)
Imports partners: Belgium 26%, Germany 23%, France 10%, Netherlands 5%, USA 4% (2023)

Real GDP Per Capita

Civica canonical (reconciled): $155,941

Note: note: data in 2021 dollars
Real GDP per capita 2022: $132,600 (2022 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2023: $129,000 (2023 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2024: $128,200 (2024 est.)

Real GDP Growth Rate

Civica canonical (reconciled): 0.6%

Note: note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency
Real GDP growth rate 2022: -1.1% (2022 est.)
Real GDP growth rate 2023: -0.7% (2023 est.)
Real GDP growth rate 2024: 1% (2024 est.)

Agricultural products: milk, wheat, barley, triticale, potatoes, pork, grapes, beef, rye, rapeseed (2023)
Exports commodities: iron blocks, gas turbines, plastic products, rubber tires, plastics (2023)
Imports commodities: cars, refined petroleum, electricity, plastic products, gas turbines (2023)

Current Account Balance

Civica canonical (reconciled): $4.1B

Note: note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars
Current account balance 2022: $7.509 billion (2022 est.)
Current account balance 2023: $9.861 billion (2023 est.)
Current account balance 2024: $12.877 billion (2024 est.)

Taxes and other revenues: 27.2% (of GDP) (2023 est.)
GDP (official exchange rate): $93.197 billion (2024 est.)

GDP Composition, BY End Use

Note: note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection
Household consumption: 31.6% (2023 est.)
Government consumption: 18.6% (2023 est.)
Investment in inventories: 1.3% (2023 est.)
Investment in fixed capital: 16.1% (2023 est.)
Exports of goods and services: 217.8% (2023 est.)
Imports of goods and services: -186.7% (2023 est.)

Population below poverty line: 17.3% (2021 est.)

Inflation Rate (Consumer Prices)

Civica canonical (reconciled): 2.5%

Note: note: annual % change based on consumer prices
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022: 6.3% (2022 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023: 3.7% (2023 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2024: 2.1% (2024 est.)

Industrial production growth rate: -1.1% (2024 est.)

Real GDP (Purchasing Power Parity)

Civica canonical (reconciled): $86.871 billion (2024 est.)

Note: note: data in 2021 dollars
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022: $86.584 billion (2022 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023: $85.984 billion (2023 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024: $86.871 billion (2024 est.)

Youth Unemployment Rate (Ages 15 24)

Male: 16.9% (2024 est.)
Note: note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment
Total: 20.2% (2024 est.)
Female: 24.2% (2024 est.)

Reserves of Foreign Exchange and Gold

Note: note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022: $2.874 billion (2022 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023: $2.977 billion (2023 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2024: $2.789 billion (2024 est.)

GDP Composition, BY Sector of Origin

Note: note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data
Industry: 9% (2024 est.)
Services: 81.9% (2024 est.)
Agriculture: 0.2% (2024 est.)

Note: note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population
Lowest 10%: 2.9% (2022 est.)
Highest 10%: 25.6% (2022 est.)

Gini Index Coefficient Distribution of Family Income

Note: note: index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality
Gini index coefficient distribution of family income 2022: 34.1 (2022 est.)

Energy

Coal

Exports: 30.2 metric tons (2022 est.)
Imports: 34,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
Consumption: 34,000 metric tons (2023 est.)

Petroleum

Refined petroleum consumption: 51,000 bbl/day (2024 est.)

Electricity

Exports: 1.188 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Imports: 6.39 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Consumption: 5.87 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Installed generating capacity: 2.212 million kW (2023 est.)
Transmission/distribution losses: 141.867 million kWh (2023 est.)

Natural Gas

Imports: 552.714 million cubic meters (2023 est.)
Consumption: 556.63 million cubic meters (2023 est.)

Electricity Access

Electrification total population: 100% (2022 est.)

Energy Consumption Per Capita

Total energy consumption per capita 2023: 224.651 million Btu/person (2023 est.)

Electricity Generation Sources

Wind: 55.6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Solar: 37.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Fossil fuels: 10.5% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Hydroelectricity: -35.8% of total installed capacity (2023 est.) note: Luxembourg has negative net hydroelectric power generation based on losses from use of pumped storage hydropower
Biomass and waste: 32.5% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Communications

Internet Users

Percent of population: 99% (2024 est.)

Broadcast media: long national tradition of operating radio and TV services for pan-European audiences; home to Europe's largest privately owned broadcast media group, the RTL Group, which operates 46 TV stations and 29 radio stations in Europe; also home to Europe's largest satellite operator, Société Européenne des Satellites (SES); domestically, the RTL Group operates TV and radio networks; other domestic private radio and TV operators and French and German stations available; satellite and cable TV services available
Internet country code: .lu

Telephones Fixed Lines

Total subscriptions: 260,000 (2022 est.)
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 40 (2022 est.)

Telephones Mobile Cellular

Total subscriptions: 961,000 (2023 est.)
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 137 (2021 est.)

Broadband Fixed Subscriptions

Total: 250,000 (2022 est.)
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 38 (2022 est.)

Transport

Airports: 3 (2025)

Railways

Total: 271 km (2020) 262 km electrified

Heliports: 11 (2025)

Merchant Marine

Total: 147 (2023)
BY type: bulk carrier 3, container ship 1, general cargo 24, oil tanker 4, other 115

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: LX

Environment

Climate: modified continental with mild winters, cool summers

Geoparks

Global geoparks and regional networks: Mëllerdall (2023)
Total global geoparks and regional networks: 1

Land Use

Other: 13.9% (2023 est.)
Forest: 34.5% (2023 est.)
Agricultural land: 51.7% (2023 est.)
Agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 23.8% (2023 est.)
Agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 0.6% (2023 est.)
Agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 27.1% (2023 est.)

Urbanization

Urban population: 92.1% of total population (2023)
Rate of urbanization: 1.43% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Waste and Recycling

Municipal solid waste generated annually: 490,300 tons (2024 est.)
Percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 42% (2022 est.)

Environmental issues: air and water pollution in urban areas; soil pollution of farmland

Total Water Withdrawal

Municipal: 43.53 million cubic meters (2022 est.)
Industrial: 1.83 million cubic meters (2022 est.)
Agricultural: 490,000 cubic meters (2022 est.)

Carbon Dioxide Emissions

Total emissions: 8.715 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
From consumed natural gas: 1.144 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
From coal and metallurgical coke: 75,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
From petroleum and other liquids: 7.496 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

Particulate matter emissions: 9.2 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
Total renewable water resources: 3.5 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

International Environmental Agreements

Party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling
Signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification

Military & Security

Military note: founded in 1881, the Luxembourg Army is responsible for the defense of the country and fulfilling the Grand Duchy’s commitments to NATO, European security, and international peacekeeping, as well as providing support to civil authorities in the event of emergencies, such as floods or disease outbreaks; the Army is an active participant in EU, NATO, and UN missions and has contributed small numbers of troops to a number of multinational operations in parts of Africa, Europe, and Asia; it trains and exercises regularly with EU and NATO partners and has contributed to the NATO battlegroup forward deployed in Lithuania since 2017; Luxembourg was one of the original 12 countries to sign the North Atlantic Treaty (also known as the Washington Treaty) establishing NATO in 1949

in 2015, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg signed an agreement to conduct joint air policing of their territories; under the agreement, which went into effect in January 2017, the Belgian and Dutch Air Forces trade responsibility for patrolling the skies over the three countries (2025)

Military Expenditures

Civica canonical (reconciled): 2% of GDP (2025 est.)

Military expenditures 2021: 0.5% of GDP (2021 est.)
Military expenditures 2022: 0.6% of GDP (2022 est.)
Military expenditures 2023: 1.1% of GDP (2023 est.)
Military expenditures 2024: 1.2% of GDP (2024 est.)
Military expenditures 2025: 2% of GDP (2025 est.)

Military and security forces: Luxembourg Army (l'Armée Luxembourgeoise) (2025)
Military service age and obligation: 18-26 years of age for voluntary military service for men and women; no conscription (abolished 1969) (2025)
Military equipment inventories and acquisitions: the Luxembourg Army has a small mix of Western origin equipment (2025)
Military and security service personnel strengths: approximately 900 active military personnel (2025)

Space

Space agency/agencies: the Luxembourg Space Agency (LSA; established 2018) (2025)
Space program overview: Luxembourg Space Agency was established in 2018 to develop space policy, encourage and coordinate commercial space ventures, support space education, and promote the country’s space-related capabilities internationally; has a national space strategy; has set up policy and funding initiatives (such as LuxIMPULSE) to encourage research, development, innovation, and entrepreneurship and attract space-based industries; focuses on developing commercial satellites and infrastructure, as well as other capabilities and technologies; hosts some of the largest commercial satellite companies in the world; member of the ESA since 2005 and participates in a variety of ESA programs; cooperates bilaterally with individual ESA and EU member states; also works with other foreign space agencies and industries, including those of Canada, China, Japan, New Zealand, South Korea, the UAE, and the US (2025)
Key space program milestones: 1980s - began creating a satellite telecommunications infrastructure for Europe

2014 - first privately built probe to successfully fly by the Moon (launched by China)

2018 - developed communications satellite (GOVSAT-1) to support the EU’s secure communications and space situational awareness program (GOVSATCOM)

2020 - signed US-led Artemis Accords for space exploration and agreed to join the Moon exploration mission

2021 - launched Luxembourg’s Quantum Communications Infrastructure project (LuxQCI) in support of the EU’s Quantum Communications Infrastructure (EuroQCI)

2025 - launched the Luxembourg Earth Observation System (LUXEOSys) satellite, part of a national space-based remote sensing program

Transnational Issues

Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons

Refugees: 14,344 (2024 est.)
Stateless persons: 85 (2024 est.)

Scores & Rankings

ScoreValueGlobal rankTrendAs of

Civica Index85.0 / 100as of 2024-Q47 / 1902024-Q4

V-Dem Liberal Democracy0.78as of 2024-Q416 / 1702024-Q4

Freedom House StatusFree (100/100)as of 2024-Q4—2024-Q4

Press Freedom (RSF)Free press (79/100)as of 2024—2024

Corruption Perceptions Index78 / 100as of 20239 / 1802023

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Civica. (2026). Civica Atlas — Luxembourg — vintage 2026-Q1: Luxembourg factbook. Civica Atlas. Retrieved May 7, 2026, from https://civicaatlas.org/factbook/luxembourg

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Sources: Eurostat, FAO FAOSTAT, ILO ILOSTAT, IMF (WEO), OECD.Stat, UN Statistics Division, UNDP HDR, UNESCO Institute for Statistics, V-Dem, WHO Global Health Observatory, World Bank, WTO Stats, CIA World Factbook, Wikidata

Luxembourg

Area

Land Use

Elevation

Land Boundaries

Major Watersheds (Area Sq Km)

Sex Ratio

Median Age

Population

Nationality

Tobacco Use

Urbanization

Age Structure

Dependency Ratios

Health Expenditure

Drinking Water Source

Education Expenditure

Infant Mortality Rate

Life Expectancy at Birth

Sanitation Facility Access

Alcohol Consumption Per Capita

School Life Expectancy (Primary to Tertiary Education)

How power is organised

Capital

Citizenship

Constitution

Country Name

Judicial Branch

Executive Branch

National Heritage

Legislative Branch

National Anthem(s)

Diplomatic Representation in the US

Diplomatic Representation from the US

Chamber of Deputies

Current

Guillaume V, Grand Duke of Luxembourg

Émile Reuter

Budget

Exports

Imports

Public Debt

Remittances

Exchange Rates

Unemployment Rate

Real GDP Per Capita

Real GDP Growth Rate

Current Account Balance

GDP Composition, BY End Use

Inflation Rate (Consumer Prices)

Real GDP (Purchasing Power Parity)

Youth Unemployment Rate (Ages 15 24)

Reserves of Foreign Exchange and Gold

GDP Composition, BY Sector of Origin

Household Income or Consumption BY Percentage Share

Gini Index Coefficient Distribution of Family Income

Coal

Petroleum

Electricity

Natural Gas

Electricity Access

Energy Consumption Per Capita

Electricity Generation Sources

Internet Users

Telephones Fixed Lines

Telephones Mobile Cellular

Broadband Fixed Subscriptions

Railways

Merchant Marine

Geoparks

Land Use

Urbanization

Waste and Recycling

Total Water Withdrawal

Carbon Dioxide Emissions

International Environmental Agreements

Military Expenditures

Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons

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